Role of Women in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Essays -- Death

Role of Women in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Death of a Salesman is of course around a salesman, but it is also about the American dream of success. Somewhere in between the narrowest topic, the death of a salesman, and the largest topic, the examination of American values, is Millers picture of the American family. This paper will chiefly study one member of the family, Willys wife, Linda Loman, but before examining Millers depiction of her, it will look at Millers depiction of other women in the play in order to make clear Lindas distinctive traits. We will see that although her role in society is extremely limited, she is an admirable figure, fulfilling the roles of wife and generate with remarkable intelligence. Linda is the only woman who is on stage much of the time, but there are several other women in the play the Woman (the unsung woman in Willys hotel room), Miss Forsythe and her friend Letta (the two women who join the brothers in the restaurant), Jenny (Charle ys secretary), the various women that the brothers talk about, and the voices of Howards daughter and wife. We also hear a teensy about Willys mother. We will look first at the least important, but not utterly unimportant, of these, the voices of according t... ...n French. Deland, Florida Everett/Edwards, 1969. 273-83. Koon, Helene Wickham, ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Death of a Salesman. Englewood Cliffs, red-hot Jersey Prentice, 1983. Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. Literature. Ed. Sylvan Bates New York Longman, 1997. 1163-1231. Parker, Brian. Point of View in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman. University of Toronto Quarterly 35 (1966) 144-47. Rpt. in Koon. 41-55 Stanton, Kay. Women and the American breathing in of Death of a Salesman. Feminist Readings of American Drama. Ed. Judith Schlueter. Rutherford, New Jersey Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 1989. 67-102.

I Love You From the Bottom of My Brain: The Neurobiology Behind Love :: Biology Essays Research Papers

I Love You From the Bottom of My Brain The Neurobiology Behind LoveYoure at a exemplary weekend party. You spot someone across the room. They look over in your direction. Wow, theyre so beautiful, you think. You want desperately to go over and talk to them, but at the very thought of it, your heart starts racing and your palms begin to sweat. Looking over at them again, you see that amazingly enough they ar coming over to you. even before speaking to them, you feel like you have just fallen in making love. Is this feeling really love at first sight? Or is it merely the release of hormones in the brain? What causes the feeling of being in love? How can we know for sure if we really are in love?Love is one of the strongest and virtually elusive emotions. Nearly every person seeks to experience the feeling of being in love. And once it is achieved, ones life is forever changed. Yet, most people would have extreme difficulty describing what exactly love is, how they know for sure tha t they are in love, or why love is so universally important. Understanding the neurobiology behind love might help to give us a more clear perspective on social bonding and raises the distrust of whether love is nothing more than the release of certain chemicals. The hormone oxytocin plays a significant role in many animals instinct to love and pee-pee social bonds. In fact, it has been called jokingly, the cuddle hormone. (1) Oxytocin is a small protein composed of nine amino acids. It is produced in the hypothalamus and is released by the pituitary gland. (2) Oxytocin is also produced in the ovaries of women and the testes of men. However, the hormones most well known function is specific to females. (3) First, it plays an integral role in the delivery of a baby. When a woman goes into labor, oxytocin levels increase. This stimulates contraction in the smooth muscle of the uterine walls, thereby facilitating delivery. Secondly, oxytocin plays a role in milk letdown in nursing mo thers. Milk is initially released into small sacs, called alveoli, which are surrounded by smooth muscle cells. Oxytocin stimulates contractions of this smooth muscle, causing the milk to be released to the mouth of a nursing baby. (3) Lastly, and most importantly, oxytocin causes the governing body of maternal behavior.

Monster Essay -- Biography, Kody Scott

Kody Scott, also known as Monster for his viciousness in walloping of a man and further crimes, forms a realistic and brutal picture of gang violence in America. Throughout his story, Scott views his gang participation as the nevertheless viable means of survival. Killing is done through the necessity to promote oneself in order to become an O.G., or Original Gangster, the pinnacle of gang subdivision status and achievement. The urge to become an O.G. seems to be paramount in Scotts eyes, and he outlines his plan first he must build his reputation, then his influence as part of his set, and finally as a promoter of the Crips (Shakur, 1993, pp. 14-15). By age eleven Scotts sole desire is to become a gang member of his local set, the Eight Trays. He disregards education, at one point stating how he paid no attention to his middle school teacher, focusing only on the streets and his homeboys as source of lifestyle and adventure (Shakur, 1993, pp. 3-4). He clearly reaches his goal, putting the entirety of his mental and physical being into being a gangster, even though it leads him to a life wreaked by violence and prison sentences. While many factors can be reported to showcase the reasons why an individual would be led to such(prenominal) violence, ethology remains the single most accurate theory in explaining the many facets of gang violence by showing the parallels between animal behavior and the lifestyle of gang members. Ethology also attempts to explain the violence exhibited by humans as corresponding to violence displayed by animals. For predatory animals, violence is necessary for survival and rendering to the surroundings is vital. Genetically humans are closest to chimpanzees, which routinely engage in murder, assassination, rape, raid... ...suit of a promoted street war and personal achievements of status and further violence. Kody Scotts chronicle of the street war in Los Angeles in which he witnessed and played a dramatic part in is punctuate d by the reasons behind his deviant behavior and trammel to a lifestyle focused on violence. By studying the behavioral patterns of animals in ethology, the traits of predatory animals which must fight and guard in order to curb alive is the same intensity of the battle to survive in the case of Monsters reality. Each of Monsters actions proved to be founded in the culture he was born into on with his personal desire to see his acts of violence glorified. Without the drive to commit himself to a rational lifestyle, Kody is swept into the maelstrom of gang-banging, all of its twisted faculties accepted due to an equally twisted and antisocial personality.

Whats Power Worth? :: essays research papers fc

Whats Power Worth?When we think about air pollution and its offsets we generally claver to mind the things we see and smell daily. We recall the stench of diesel fumes, the plumes of automobile exhaust, or maybe the belching smoke from factories. Instead of these common culprits, maybe we should sort of think about the light switch, the computer, the television, or maybe our air conditioners. We use these items everyday without a thought to the possible ramifications. These familiar household items contribute much to air pollution in our community than all of the aforementioned polluters combined. Their use requires electricity and that electricity is provided by power plants.Electricity producing power plants argon the largest source of air pollution nationwide (Izaak). More than half of the nations power plants produce their electricity by burning coal. These coal-fired plants in particular are responsible for the majority of the most dangerous pollutants emitted by the electr ic power industry. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), coal-fired plants generate, 96 percentage of sulfur dioxide emissions, 93 percent of nitrogen oxide emissions, 88 percent of carbon dioxide emissions, and 99 percent of the mercury emissions emitted by the entire power industry (sierraclub).The power industrys emissions result in ozone smog, reduced visibility conditions, and acid rain. Additionally, their released mercury is toxic and is absorbed by humans through the consumption of fish. More than 70 percent of fish advisories issued are for mercury contamination (sierra club). Mercury can have devastating health consequences for children and women of childbearing age. According to the American Lung Association, Children are the most susceptible to the prejudicial effects posed by air pollutants . In Virginia, 1,256,936 children live within 30 miles of a power plant (Clear). These close-in areas feel the greatest health impacts.The environmental and human health hazards produced by coal-fired power plants are not a new revelation. The Government recognized decades ago the serious impact of all dodo fuel burning industries. Finally, in 1970, the Environmental Protection Agency was formed. Later that same year Congress passed the Clean Air map with the intention of importantly reducing airborne pollutants. According to Federal officials, in the past 35 years emissions of pollutants have dropped 51 percent nationwide (Springston). Unfortunately, when the Clean Air Act was created, a loophole was included that grand fathered the electric industry. Pre-existing plants were exempted because Congress believed that their useful life was only 30 to 40 years.

The Righteous Hester Prynne of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter

The Strong and Righteous Hester of The cherry-red Letter What lies behind us and what lies before us are small matters compared to what lies inwardly us, stated Oliver Wendell Holmes. This eventually proves to be especially true for Hester Prynne, the main character in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter. Hester Prynne, a fair young maiden whose husband had disappeared twain years prior to the opening of the novel, has an affair with the pastor of her Puritan church, resulting in the birth of her child Pearl. Because of this act of adultery, Hester Prynne is branded by the scarlet letter A, which she is agonistic to forever wear upon her attire. The plot thickens as Hesters former husband returns to New England and becomes fixated upon the idea of revenge towards Hesters anonymous partner in sin. At the same time, the ill-defined pastor slowly begins to waste away towards the gloomy gates of death. However, as those around her grow ever weaker or morally decayed, Hester gr ows ever difficulter. Hester grows so strong and morally righteous that it appears that she is actually favored by Hawthorne despite her sin. The qualities which cause Hester to be favored are her traits of helpfulness towards others, her intense maternal love towards Pearl, and her insubordination and pride demonstrated towards those who attempt to impose their values upon her. Even as those she assisted were cruel towards her, Hester remained generous and helpful towards others. For example, after becoming recognized as a talented seamstress and gradually beginning to earn fairly large sums of money, Hester bestowed all her superfluous means in charity, on wretches less broken than herself, and who not unfrequently insulted the hand that fed them.... ... compared with a persons true nature. For Hester Prynne, though she had sinned in her past, she came across as strong and admirable because she was a benevolent person on the inside. She sought purity and truth to compensate for her unalterable past. Therefore, her wrongdoings were eventually overlooked in enlightenment of her better qualities. A coward can hind in the shadows of reputations and prejudgments, merely only a hero can overcome these and manage to step into the daylight. Works Cited and Consulted Canby, Henry S. (1996). A Skeptic Incompatible with His Time and His Past. Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne (pp. 55- 63). San Diego Greenhaven. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York St. Martins, 1991. Scharnhorst, Gary. The Critical Response to Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter. New York Greenwood, 1992.

The Righteous Hester Prynne of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter

The Strong and Righteous Hester of The Scarlet Letter What lies behind us and what lies before us ar small matters compared to what lies within us, stated Oliver Wendell Holmes. This eventually proves to be especially true for Hester Prynne, the main char operationer in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter. Hester Prynne, a fair young maiden whose husband had disappeared two years prior to the opening of the novel, has an affair with the pastor of her Puritan church, resulting in the birth of her child Pearl. Because of this act of adultery, Hester Prynne is branded by the scarlet letter A, which she is forced to foralways wear upon her attire. The plot thickens as Hesters former husband returns to New England and becomes fixated upon the idea of revenge towards Hesters anonymous partner in sin. At the same time, the feeble pastor slowly begins to waste away towards the gloomy gates of death. However, as those around her grow ever weaker or morally decayed, Hester grows ever dependableer. Hester grows so strong and morally righteous that it appears that she is actually favored by Hawthorne despite her sin. The qualities which cause Hester to be favored are her traits of helpfulness towards others, her intense maternal love towards Pearl, and her defiance and pride demonstrated towards those who attempt to impose their values upon her. Even as those she assisted were cruel towards her, Hester remained freehearted and helpful towards others. For example, after becoming recognized as a talented seamstress and gradually beginning to earn fairly large sums of money, Hester bestowed all her unpointed means in charity, on wretches less miserable than herself, and who not unfrequently insulted the hand that fed them.... ... compared with a persons true nature. For Hester Prynne, though she had sinned in her past, she came across as strong and admirable because she was a benevolent person on the inside. She sought purity and truth to compensate for her unal terable past. Therefore, her wrongdoings were eventually overlooked in enlightenment of her divulge qualities. A coward can hind in the shadows of reputations and prejudgments, but only a hero can overcome these and manage to step into the daylight. Works Cited and Consulted Canby, Henry S. (1996). A Skeptic Incompatible with His Time and His Past. Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne (pp. 55- 63). San Diego Greenhaven. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York St. Martins, 1991. Scharnhorst, Gary. The Critical Response to Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter. New York Greenwood, 1992.

Mountains vs Beach

Taylor Curry Culpepper English 101-007 6 January 2012 Vacationing at the Beach or in the Mountains No doubt, people invariably look forward to taking a vacation from their typical everyday routine. There are a great number of possibilities to prefer from when deciding on where to vacation. The two most common vacationing spots are the bound and the mountains, in which both places offer an unlimited selection of entertaining activities. The mountains hasten activities that the set down does not offer and vice versa.When trying to determine a vacation spot, many people have trouble deciding amongst mountainous regions and beach populated areas because of each sites available activities, temper, and the scenery. One may choose to take a vacation to the beach for various reasons, such as, for the activities, climate and scenery. While on vacation at the beach people sens surf, have a picnic, play volleyball, and ride jet skis. The amount of activities is unlimited. A a few(preno minal) beaches around the world a deal offer wonderful cliff diving.In most seaboard regions, there are nightclubs and restaurants where people can dance or party throughout the night. Also, the beach can be a very peaceful and relaxing place. The warm climate is virtuoso of the main characteristics that the beach offers to vacationers. The seaside areas stay warm year-around. The scenery at the beach is very beautiful. The scenery on costal areas is totally different from any part of the world. Vacationers will believe things like sand, palm trees, tropical plants, and wildlife. The beach is described in two words is fun and sun. Taking a vacation to the mountains can be a lot of fun.Many people choose to vacation to the mountains because of the activities, climate, and scenery. The climate is always an important factor for one to enjoy their vacation of choice. If a vacationer dislikes the snappy weather, he or she might have a difficult time enjoying the mountains. The cold c limate in the mountains is the first barrier to enjoying them, but the climate and the temperature of these zones also determine the types of activities they offer. Snow boarding, mountain climbing, mountain biking, hiking, and skiing are some activities people can enjoy when going to the mountains.When taking a trip to the mountains one will be offered with an unlimited amount of activities. A few of the most popular interests are hiking, cliff diving, having a picnic, and fishing. There are many regions that have mountains where people can go and have a great vacation. Canada is a country located in North America and contains many mountain vacation sites where people can go and have fun. Finally, the scenery is another main reason someone may choose to vacation to the mountains. The scenery surrounding the mountains is like no other.People will see beautiful pants, huge mountains, and interesting wildlife. As you can see taking a vacation to the beach and the mountains can both be extremely fun, but very different. When trying to determine a vacation spot, many people have trouble deciding between mountainous regions and beach populated areas because of each sites available activities, climate, and the scenery. It doesnt matter what place a person decides to choose. The fun is guaranteed. Vacationers often choose one of these two options to spend their vacations.

Analysis of Hamlet’s Morality Essay

hamlet is one of the greatest dramatic characters created. Throughout the play, we ack straightwayledge the complexity of his persona. Even without Shakespeare providing an elaborated description of hamlets characteristics, we instantly perceive him as contradictory. At the beginning of the play, Hamlet is presented to us as a cautious and courteous man however, due to the negative share he has to face, we see how his moral character becomes reckless and uncivil. Shakespeare uses antithesis, allusion, and irony, to show the demoralization of Hamlets character. Throughout the play, Hamlet is overwhelmed by a lifeing of strike back but hesitates in the murder of Claudius due to his fear of making the wrong decision. Hamlet is held back by his consideration of religious morals and beliefs.This is clearly shown good after Hamlet stages the play. Claudius rises in guilty startlement at The Mousetraps revelations (Essays on Values in Literature). After this point, Hamlet is fairly ce rtain that Claudius is guilty, and comes crosswise Claudius in the chapel. Hamlet is given the perfect opportunity to kill Claudius, but he decides that he doesnt want to kill him while he is praying. Hamlet feels that if he murdered him during prayer, he would dishonor his catch by sending Claudius to heaven. Instead, Hamlet wants to kill him while he is doing something horrific, ensuring Claudius goes to hell, where Hamlet feels he deserves to go. Hamlet says right off might I do it pat, now he is prayingand now Ill dot. And so he goes to heaven,and so am I revenged. That would be scanndA villain kills my father and for that,I, his sole son, do this same villain sendTo heaven.No.Up sword, and know thou a more repulsive hent.(3.3.77-83, 93)A very significant component to Hamlets loss of morality is his decision to act insanity. It is a major risk he is will to take in order to accomplish his fathers request. Hamlet realizes this is the only way he will be able to investigate his fathers death without being perceived as a threat. However, for this plan to work he has to unchain a group of new personality traits that pass on to the deterioration of his morality. Hamlet puts into practice his new role with Ophelia, whom along with her father, believes his madness is a result of his rejection of her.This display takes Ophelias father Polonius to Claudius, and together they set a plan to spy on Hamlet, using Ophelia as the lure. Nevertheless, Hamlet is a clever man, and rapidly finds out what is happening. This is a devastating point in Hamlets life as he comes to the conclusion that he has lost everything he once loved. The terrible realization that his last source of hope is now lost takes Hamlet to a new stage. The last sense of respect he had towards the people around him is now gone. Hamlet starts to exceed his rely on his madness to tell the truth about his thoughts. First to Polonius Slanders, sir for the satirical rogue says here that old men have grey beards, that their faces arewrinkled, their eyes purifying thick amber andplum-tree gum and that they have a plentiful lack ofwit, together with most weak hams all which, sir,though I most strongly and potently believe, yetI hold it not honesty to have it thus set down, foryourself, sir, should be old as I am, if like a crabyou could go backward.(2.2.214-222)And later to Ophelia and his drawO God, your only jig-maker.What should a man do but be merry? for, look you, how cheerfully my mother looks, and my father died within these two hours.(3.2.130-135) Hamlet exhibits a new change in attitude after he returns from his uncompleted trip to England. He starts to feel a consuming anger against Claudius for his fathers death. He recognizes that his indecisiveness has been preventing him from action. Hamlet makes it clear that he wants to end his indecisiveness when he claims, O, from this time forward/ my thoughts be bloody ore be nothing worth (4.4.68-69) With this proclamation, Ha mlet shows his deep desire to focus on the death of his uncle. This change makes Hamlet able to hear full revenge for his fathers death no matter the consequences. Hamlet is then completely transformed into a man that acts out of virgin revenge. This is clearly demonstrated when Hamlet thinks Claudius is spying on him again and kills Polonius by accident. At this moment, it is evident that this is not the same cautious man we met before.Eventually, Hamlets new characteristics lead him to the achievement of his main and primary goal. In this play, the moral component is there in Hamlets thinking (Corruption in William Shakespeares Hamlet, 70). His use of reason was his only tie to morality, and once this connection was broken, so was his moral character. However, Shakespeare plays with the idea of what circumstances might justify an individual taking the truth into his own hands (Corruption in William Shakespeares Hamlet, 69) leaving us with the question of whether Hamlet had lost his morality, or he was the only moral man in an immoral world. The complexity and contradictions expressed in this play and in Hamlets character make this work exceptional.Works CitedGrace, Tiffany. Hamlet, reconciliation, and the just state. Renascence Essays on Values in Literature 58.2 (2005) Johnson, Vernon Elso. Corruption in William Shakespeares Hamlet. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. New York Simon & Schuster, 1992. Print.

Human Relations Movement Essay

In the first twenty-five years of 20th coke owners and managers assumed that people came to work primarily because of economic needs which led to the development of classical attention supported by Taylor and then to the scientific concern of Fayol. However, by the 1930s, it has become a certainty, on the basis of research, that people have other needs primarily related non to financial fulfillment simply to personal involvement. Since then, there were a lot of theorists that tried to explain what was that triggered and sustained humanity behaviour. As a result, the research of these behavioural scientists (kreitner 1999) became to what today is called the human transaction movement. This study will be demonstrating the need for human relations movement and likewise if it has completely replaced classical and scientific management. (131) Before the human relations movement, companies were sounding for a way to grow their profit by increasing the productivity and efficiency o f the workers.The first and most important model user of the scientific order was F.W.Taylor. As an experienced worker, Taylor focused on the design of the manual tasks (David Buchanan, 1997) by rationalizing and standardizing production techniques. Taylor, in the words of Aitken, was the first to synthesize and systemize the best that was cognize about the management of men. (80) This researchers primary interest was the individual worker that was motivated by financial incentives. Although the planning, organizing and leading the workers tasks increased productivity and profit, when it came to methodology of people Taylor showed no concern. It is true that financial incentives kept workers motivated for a while but the closely dominationled conditions of work which promoted a militaristic and mechanistic organization (Buchanan) led to a low employee morale. (70) Apart from Taylor, H. Fayol also analyzed the complexity of organizations .This theorist viewed organizations as akin to living organisms, possessing a life of their own and requiring the maintenance of harmony in order to function satisfactorily. As a result, he developed 14 principles designed to facilitate mark off and high productivity in a company. One of Fayol s principles was Division of work which directed workers in completing certain tasks other one was star of direction which meant that all people in the organization had common goals such as making profit. Indeed, this code of principles is indispensable in organizations and seem to be of the purpose importance in the achievement of an effective organization. (113) However, the major disadvantage of both Fayol and Taylors ideas was the lack of concern with the interaction mingled with people. Both theorists aimed to analyze and control the activities of people but did not include the employee in the decision-making processes of the organization.Also, these methods neglected the importance of other rewards apart from financial incent ives such as job satisfaction, recognition between team-workers and personal achievement. As a result, the human relations movement needed to appear. (77) The notions of human relations movement and the social person, which gathered momentum through the 1950s, took play in relation to the work of Elton Mayo. The theorist conducted the Hawthorne experiments which concerned the effects of scientific management on the worker in terms of absenteeism and fatigue (Cole). Therefore, Mayo did not exclude scientific management but wanted to help in improving the method. The experiment involved observing a group of six women in their workplace.Although there was some obvious criticism about the outcome of the research carried in five stages, the Hawthorne studies provided some important conclusions that contributed to a better understanding of human behaviour in organizations. (108) Probably the most important conclusion of the Hawthorne studies was that social relationships are at least as important as financial incentives and work conditions. Moreover, Mayo came to the conclusion that the persons individual needs, supportive supervisors and team work had a powerful impact on job performance. Therefore, scientific management was not denied as an efficient method for the company but was questioned when it came to the social effects. (70) The Hawthorne studies were not considered important only for the conclusions provided but also for opening a lane for other theorists who also focused on this approach.Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, McGregors theory X and Y and Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theory brought to managers attention the important character references vie by individuals in determining the success or failure of an organization. Moreover, Mary Parker Follett who was not only a woman management consultant (kreitner) but also a writer saw employees as complex combinations of attitudes, beliefs and needs. (85) The human relations movement began to expand in time and organizations started to understand the vital importance of groups and social relationships at work and managers began to attend to employees emotional needs.Therefore, the working conditions were improved and workers received recognition as a distinct human being. Social researchers and managers also created pertly techniques intended to improve employees motivation job enrichment, employee of the month awards, self-managing teams, incentives and corporate entertainment programmes. (73) In the new millennium, scientific management is still alive and plays an important role by offering companies a way of meeting their technical, economic and social objectives.(Buchanan) Assembly line si today examples

Wishes

Lets say, integrity day, youre granted three wishes. Your first two wishes were used wisely, but you killed yourself using the third one. Or, allows say you get three wishes, and you died before you could use the third one. Well, in the stories, These Three Wishes, and, The trey Wish, both of these things happened. And as you heap see, they pass on similarities and differences. One of the main differences between these two stories is how both characters died. In Those Three Wishes, Melinda Alice killed herself by wishing herself dead.According to the story she quotes, I wish I were dead. (Gorog 124). In The Third Wish, Mr. Peters died from old age, and didnt get to use his third wish. In the morning Mr. Peters was found peacefully dead in his bed with a smile of great happiness on his face. (Aiken 107). For these reasons, the stories differ. Another difference between these two stories is the personalities of the two characters. Melinda Alice was a clever, but cruel girl who t hought of no one but herself. For example, in the story it quotes, No, she was lever, even witty. (Aiken 122). But, Mr. Peters was a kind and loving man. He even offered to use one of his wishes on his new married woman, and turn her covert into the swan that she originally was.In the story, Mr. Peters quotes, Then shall I use my second wish to turn you back into a swan again? (Aiken 105). There are excessively similarities between these stories. They have very important morals to them. In Those Three Wishes, the moral is, Be careful what you wish for. Melinda Alice saying, I wish I were dead. (Aiken 124) peradventure wasnt the best thing to do. In The Third Wish, the moral of the story is, If you really love someone, let them be happy. Mr. Peters showed this by offering his wife one of his three wishes. Getting wishes is not all what its cracked up to be. Yes, its fun to wish for everything that we want in life but, sometimes, they can cause more trouble than needed. And we dont want to end up in a mistake that we cant turn around.Comparison/ compare Essay Those Three Wishes The Third Wish Jordan M. Beard 8-04 September 16, 2010

Roles and Responsibilities of a Teacher in the Lls, Module Epf 135

Marie Appleby Module EPF 135 Roles and Responsibilities of a Teacher in the Lifelong Learning sSector The Lifelong Learning UK (2007) standards, highlight the complexity of the role of the FE instructor as follows teachers have a responsibility for ensuring high standards of teaching and discipline, as well as contributing to curriculum development and to the development of their subject noesis http//dera. ioe. ac. uk 21/10/11 Identifying Needs A key role of the teacher is to identify the needs of all learners so effective learning flowerpot be developed.The teacher may conduct tutorials at the beginning the stratum, to review and record personal information, barriers to learning, academic and vocational achievements. The information can be utilize to develop a learner pro? le, ensuring lesson planning and learning materials are appropriate and increase the chance of successful teaching and learning. Learners may feel ill at ease(predicate) disclosing or discussing personal i nformation, therefore it may be advantageous to issue an anonymous questionnaire to the class. All information must be handled in a master key manner and kept con? ential. Planning and Design Teachers could plan and design a learning schedule. Changes can be made to these plans throughout the teaching turn using assessment and evaluation. Teachers need to ensure that learning outcomes, objectives and aims for the course are covered in an appropriate way e. g. order in which outcomes are planned, lurch strategies, length of time, resources and assessment methods. Courses may be planned with an aim to ensure learning outcomes are met in the time allocated, using appropriate resources and methods.Teachers need to be aware of the requirements issued by their awarding body and organisation. Delivery Delivery of a course should be appropriate for all learners using clear aims and objectives. Activities should be secern to accommodate different learning styles. Resources should be well prepared, with suf? cient copies that support the learning activities. Sessions should be divided using an introduction, main and a conclusion to help the lesson gain logically and consolidate learning.Teachers need to ensure they have the 1 Marie Appleby Module EPF 135 knowledge and skills to deliver the course and be able to answer questions. Teachers should be smartly dressed and use a professional manner when teaching never using discriminatory, judgmental or offensive language. Teacher / student relationships should be based on mutual trust and respect with a responsibility to uphold safeguarding procedures, keeping learners safe, both physically and emotionally, within a safe learning environment. the process of safeguarding protects individuals who may be at risk from abuse or neglect, which could cause an impact on their education, health and development. safeguarding aims to ensure individuals are provided with a warmth environment that is safe, promotes optimum life and learning chances. (safeguardingchildren. org. uk (20/10/2011) Assess Methods of assessment should be planned, fair, reliable and linked to activity tasks. Learner achievement and progress can be monitored throughout the learning process.Clear, concise and accurate feedback can be given to learners on their progress and achievement. Feedback should be given as quickly as possible, based on the quality of submission or performance, using positive and developmental comments. Information should be recorded in preparation for submission to the course awarding body. Teachers should avoid assessment tasks that do not link directly to the learning objectives, and ensure planned assessments are at the correct level for learners. adjudicate Evaluations should be conducted after each session, including strengths of the session, and areas for development and improvements. Learners could also be asked to re? ect on the sessions this could be done verbally, through an evaluation form or by an eva luation activity. Conclusion The teaching/training motorbike provides a cohesive structure within which roles, responsibilities and boundaries can be assessed and re? ected upon. The structure of the cycle is such that a successful teacher will multitask stages in a constantly evolving way. This ensures that teacher and students re? ctive growth of role, responsibilities and boundaries remains core to reaching a greater understanding of the aims and objectives relating to development with the course. 2 Marie Appleby Module EPF 135 Bibliographic References lluk 2007. (2007). National Occupational Standards (NOS) for the role of learning support practitioner in the long learning sector . Available http//dera. ioe. ac. uk/2332/1/ lspnosdraft. pdf. Last accessed 21st Oct 2011. Ofstead. What is safeguarding. Available http//safeguardingchildren. org. uk/. Last accessed 20th october 2011. Word Count 650 3 Marie Appleby Module EPF 135 4

It Happened One Night: Screwball Comedy Essay

It Happened One Night set the place for the screwball comedy, the witty and romantic clash of temperaments between a man and a muliebrity mismatched in both character and social position. Through one of the greatest romantic comedies in film hitarradiddle, Frank Copra shows the outlandish nature of the complete and the nature of man being the controller in relationships as well as in society. It is the reversal of the Cinderella story, a modern tale with light hearted provoke appeal in which courtship and love triumph over class conflicts, socio-economic differences, and verbal battles of wit.The fighting and struggles between the two main characters showed the man taking mission of the woman, the social norms of how men and women should act around each other in that era. But the fighting and the banter also show a strong-minded and brainy woman. The two strong-willed main characters balanced each other out. One of the most famous scenes in the movie is the one in which, on thei r travels, Ellie and bill be forced to share a one-room motel cabin overnight and Peter hangs a blanket on some rope to provide the debutante the concealment and respectability she demands.The by-play of Ellie and Peters reactions on the separate sides of the blanket are brilliant evocations of what lies behind the facade men and women show one another in romantic situations. Along their journey, Ellie falls in love with Peter but when he vanishes from the motel where they are lodged and contacts her father later she believes he was only interested in the reward. The escapist theme of the film is the story of the unlikely romantic pairing of a mismatched couple, which is appropriate during the Depression Era, of an indifferent and recently-fired newspaper man and a snobbish, superior-acting heiress a runaway on the lam.After discovering Ellies true identity, Peter decides to help her so that he can get an exclusive story about her life, her marriage, and her escape. As they trave l northward and engage in a series of misadventures, the gruff newspaperman and the spoiled rich girl, thrown together by circumstances, who loses her initial disdain for him, begins to fall in love. The movie is considered a screwball comedy because the dynamic between Ellie and Peter, because it is not all one-sided.Although Peter is quite bossy, Ellie sometimes gets the better of him. In the hitchhiking scene, for instance, it is Ellie, not Peter, who succeeds in getting the car to stop to pick them up. She remains herself, a bright, intelligent, strong-minded woman. The film is composed of a way trip by bus, car, foot, and by thumb in locales such as bus depots or interiors of buses, and the open road throughout the film by the social-class-unmatched couple.From the in truth beginning of the story, these two characters have been down each others throats because their personalities are so different from the other one. Some of the most classic scenes were make the Wall of Jericho scene in an auto-camp bungalow so that they can sleep in the same room, the doughnuts-dunking lesson, the hitchhiking scene, the night-time scene on a haystack in a deserted barn, and the dramatic wedding scene.Ellie and Peter argued over everything from getting the seat on the bus in the beginning to the time when they were trying to find a place to sleep in the middle of the night when the bus broke down. Despite the witty remarks towards one another, they find themselves through all the fighting along with each other as a romantic relationship starts to bloom. Love triumphs in the end of the movie and the wall of Jericho falls down. Peters personality is completely different from Ellies personality.Peter does not let things bother him, or at least does not let it show. Peter is constantly play it cool when he is around Ellie, when actually he is just as desperate as Ellie is. Although Ellie and Peter have completely opposite personalities and tend to not get along very well, th ey begin to see the bright side of one another and fall in love. Even though the two are fighting, with no money, and no hope, they still are traveling trying to survive, but in the end everything tends to happen for a reason.

The China Coin Chapter Questions

grazing landshs thought give us flashbacks to their earlier, happier life unitedly when Leashs dad was alive. What does Lea remember? (39-40) What does she feel is happening to Joan in China? (pages 50-51). Shanghai Chapters 7-8 10. What does Lea fancy most Chinas history during the argument with the party Official on the train? (pages 56-57) 1 1 . What happens to Lea in Shanghai? How does Billie use language to create tension and excitement in this incident? circulate quotes from the story to support your answer. 12. Lea and Joan see a demonstration of students on their way to the boat.What do they describe about wherefore they be demonstrating? (page 67) The Journey up the Yanking Chapters 9-11 13. What does Lea learn about why her set about decided to sleep together to China so soon after her fathers funeral? (pages 75-76) 14. Its over. Lea took Jeans hand and squeezed. Weve been through with(predicate) a lot, eh? What does this quote tell us about how Lea is changing and growing up? (page 82) Turtle commonwealth (Red star) Village Chapters 12-27 15. Lea changes her attitude to her Chinese identity. How do we know? What do you think causes her to change? (pages 105-112) 16.Lea is fair milliamp with traditional Chinese villages. Draw a picture of the village. Label the picture. (page 106) 17. What does Eek tell Lea about why he and the students are protesting all over China? 18. What does Lea learn about how Sees father died? What are Sees feelings about his fathers death? (pages 1 18-1 19) 19. On her way to visit Joan in the hospital Lea thinks about her relationship with Joan. What does she realize and what does this tell us about how Lea is changing? (page 1 37) 20. Lean and Joan start together in a new understanding. What do they realize about why they have come to China? 38-139) 21 . Where do Lie Nan and Lea find the other half of the expunge? What is the significance of Leashs reaction when she understands- This is family/ (pages 139-140 ) 22. Lea has come to accept her Chinese identity. What has she learnt while she has been in the village and what does she say about being Chinese? (page 158) 23. What is happening in Beijing? What does Lea feel about the push of the students? (pages 144-145) Beijing Chapters 27-32 24. What does Lea see in Attainment Square? (pages 165-169) 25. What does Lea discover about what happened to the students in Attainment Square? (pages 176-178) 26.When Lea returns to look for Eek she is confronted by a soldier with a gun. What happens in this stately scene? (pages 181-182) 27. Lea and Joan learn from the students in the hotel the facts of what happened in Attainment Square. Summaries what happened. (187-188) 28. What does Lea see the coin as symbolizing about China? (page 189) 29. Why are Joan and Lea crying at the end of the password? What does the phrase the two women clung together tell us about the way Lea has changed on her journey through China? 30. What kind of ideas about Belo nging is explored in the character of Eek? Give reasons for your answer.

Motivational Theorists Essay

Team solve is majorly important when organising, setting up or hurry a fear. If employees and employers crappert organise themselves it causes conflicted between each other and the pargonntage might be affected by this. This could be because of disagreements of a topic, for good example choosing a name for a product. This could cause accent between employees and put pinch on the manager. Team break a air is when a grouping of people move into together to either discus or trail predilections. The groups can either be easy or formal. The main dissimilaritys between these groups argon that formal groups argon more than than main stream jobes, for example Microsoft. Whereas police squad up groups that ar informal could be based upon c omit friends that be going on a Duke of Edinburg walk. heretofore, because at that place are varied organisations that cast off either formal or informal teams, this generates diverse structures depending on the different organisa tions touch. Informal groups are formed because the people involved feel the look at for either Social fundamental interaction (sport events, birthdays)To converse different aspects of their business and the focal point skills To discuss ideas regarding interests such as sportsOne of the main aims of the informal groups is to improve social needs, this go a agency create motive for the employees because they depart feel more secure at work and they allow for vex better dialogue skills. Although these informal groups are non set up by the management, they still confuse motivation as a useful factor. even so, the aims of a formal group are different, this is because they seem more sophisticated and organised. This is because they are lots organised because the group want to grade to long term and short term goals, thitherfore they shoot to be more committed and serious. whatsoever of the groups are formed because the employees are working(a) with similar goals, inclu ding Members feel committed and fork e veryplace a sniff out of ownership and respect for each other, including their other talentsThe members almost always have a gain ground idea of their goals and aims The members are motivated and egger to improve their businesses and their skills The members of the formal groups are not randomly selected, they are assessed because they need to have the same commitment and social skills as the other members in methodicalness not to supply the group down and cause it to be less organised. Teams are formed in organisations to help develop ideas that could potentially improve businesses. If teams are make accordingly that way that in that location are more ideas involved and the business will be open to more options rather than one person putting in their opinions that could be based around the same thing. Teams are in any flake formed to improve the contact and intercourse skills around the work place it helps employees feel more comf ortable with their surroundings and improves motivation for the module.Year 13 applied teamThe year 13 applied class has organised a group in order to keep the organisation under control and more formal. Having this group in applied will help the year 13s to induce closer as a community. It will a standardised improve social skills to a high extent which will gain valuable skills in the in store(predicate) when dealing with clients and customers. It will improve social skills because the students will have first-hand get word on what it is like exchanging ideas with their peers and team leader. It will force the students to get along with each other despite any social issues which cultivate them for a future in business, making each student more professional. Having to discuss their opinions will everyplacely widen the students mind into exploring the different techniques that different people choose which baseborns they will become more educated rather than keeping with th e same technique that a student would use if they were to be working alone. The main aims of the DBS applied areUsually organisations have similar objectives and aims, this is because pro gather related organisations want to puff a profit and they want to event to be a success. However the aims will ad save to fit the event, for example one of the aims of a team building event might be to improve staff morale, whereas the aim of a product launch may be to raise consciousness of a unfermented product and attract impertinently buyers. Every organisation and event will have an aim, either to make profit, be successful or be organised. The main aims of the DBS talent show areRaise awareness of the applied teamMake a profit to invest to a local charityTo blow over up an enjoyable event for all participants and audienceTo improve the school profile amongst the communityTo ensure a smooth running eventIt is highly important for the DBS applied 13s to have reserve and SMART aims and objectives, this is because they help structure and organise the event making the chances of success greater than if they didnt have aims and objectives.Benefits and limitations of team workAdvantagesWorking with other students and employees can have profits as well as limitations. The advantages and disadvantages of teams in like manner need to be considered before deciding to transition to teams. The following table of team advantages and disadvantages is an adaptation of work by Medsker and Campion (1992).* This list can also be used by existing teams to self-evaluate their efficacy. (source /www.hf.faa.gov/)Having teams in a business can enhance the amount of work that is being submitted by the employees, this means that the business will benefit because they will have more work fatten upd by a shorted unwarranted line which saves cadence and money for new projects. An example of this is giving out leaflets to promote a product. If 10 people distribute the leaflets then it will take up less condemnation than if it were one person giving out the information. Not only do teams benefit business and organisations, it also benefits individuals. This is because it improves communication levels and boosts presumption because the team members are working together and discussing their ideas. These are some team advantages and explanations Team advantagesExplanationsTeam members have the luck to learn from each other. This gives the employees the opportunity to embrace new ideas from different people it also gives the opportunity to people to express ideas which mean other people can gather different information from difference aspects of the topic which will widen their mind frame. It gives chance to others to communicate with others. This will give the team members potency in the work place because they will have better communication skills amongst themselves which also means that in the future they will be more likely to be able to get along with others i n team work and amongst office hours.New approaches to tasks may be discovered. For any team, this is a benefit because different areas are looked at from the business plan. Because different people are working in the team there are many different ideas and tactics used which means new skills will be learnt and appreciated. Teams social status can provide social facilitation and support for difficult tasks and situations. This means that each team member is support by their team mates, not only does this give confidence but it allows the plan to almost become bullet proof because if one of the team members are failing at a task there will be others involved to help.DisadvantagesAlthough teams give both businesses and individuals they also have some limitations that come with them. For organisations there might be conflict between the team members therefore some team members might forsake the company completely which will cost the business money because they will have to recruit n ew staff and pay for training and hold meetings about the event/program they are organising. This can also effect the views that team members have of each other, for example the completion rates might become excessively high (many members want to take lead or the team) which might cause conflict between friends and colleges. below is a table of some limitations the team work brings into a working environmentDisadvantages ExplanationsSome individuals are not compatible with team work.some individuals see team work as demotivating because it doesnt fit into the way that they work, this might cause confusion amongst these types of people and it might cause them to lag behind and become over onused with work they have to complete, this could cause the team to slip and cause problems. Some members may experience less motivating jobs as part of a team. in that location is almost a hierarchy in a team for example, there is the team leader that has the most responsibilities in the team and then the work load becomes less. Some workers are highly motivated by heavy workloads and high responsibility (theory X and Y), if a team member who works like this has little responsibilities then they are likely to become demotivated.However it could become the opposite way and a work member could be pressured by the amount of work they have to complete and they might feel unappreciated and stressed which could cause the team to fall. Teams may be time-consuming due to need for coordination and consensus.This could cause conflict with the team members social intent because of the workloads that they are being given. It is important for a business to allow their team members to have a practised amount of social life in order for them to work to a high standard. If the workloads given are highly time consuming then it might take over time and run into the employees leisure time which will affect the levels of happiness and could cause them to become demotivated and their worki ng levels will drop.Impact of leadershiphipIn every business and organisation there are different ways of leaderships. Leadership is the way that the managers and team leaders motivate and control their employees, without them then it workers would not know what to do and the businesses will lose money and staff rapidly because of the lack of motivation and skills their employees have. There are five main management entitles in business are organisations, these are made up ofAutocraticDemocratic capitalistproactiveReactiveAutocraticEach one of the above are differently structured in order to fit the employees needs. They all can be related to the theories of Maslow, Herzberg and McGregor. Autocratic style workers are clear on their tasks that they need to complete, however these workers need a controlling environment to become motivated the workers are not quite focused. The manager of an exacting worker gives the employees a set of tasks to do and they expect the workers to do e xactly what they are told and when they are told to do it. There is hardly no opportunity for the authoritarian workers to give their opinions to the manager and there is no discussions about the tasks that they have been given, it is a very controlled environment.Autocratic workers can be related to the theory X and Y (however the autocratic workers are only applied to X not Y) An example of an autocratic management style could be a bakery store, as the business became more popular and the demands became higher, the manager decided to become more forceful with the employees to make sure deadlines were complete on time and there was no money lost. Because it was a small business with such high demands then the manager would decide that there would be no room for discussion on the tasks the manager gave them. There are some limitations of an autocratic ran business, autocrats could lead to little motivation.This is because the employees have no say in the business that they are work ing on which could make the employees feel like they have little importance in the they are working in and they could feel highly pressured into doing some things that they really disagree on. This gives a scent out of poor ownership and commitment to the business. Another limitation could be that, if a business is at a peak season and the demands are higher than vernacular there will be more pressure put on the employees and the manager might find that it is hard to cut the deadlines back even shorter than usual because there is already so much work that are on strict deadlines. Being an autocratic manager could also affect the business over all, this is because new ideas that employees have would not get crosswise to the manager which means new improvements that could enhance the businesses income will not be acted upon.Having an autocratic based business could give some benefits towards not only the staff but the customers and consumers. Some examples of organisations that bene fit from an autocratic based business areThe armed forces and the policeMedical areas like hospitals and sergeantsFire fightersManagers of internshipsThese are all organisations that are almost always under pressure and have little time to discuss the different options available. For example, where there are health and safety issues going on, surgeons cant afford to expire their time on consulting other people first, they must act fast. This works out well for them because this means that more lives are saved and the business profile is high and caries a good reputation. Managers of internships often use the autocratic way of managing staff because they are often unfledged, shy and have little confidence. Having a forceful manager controlling them will allow the workers to because confident at work because they will be able to get on with their work. It will also prepare them for the future work because the manager will let them know what is expected from them in other business. O ne other thing is that the workers will have less time to communicate because the work levels and demands are high. This means less time for distractions and more motivation for work.DemocraticDemocratic management is much more lenient than the autocratic style of management this is because the employees have a chance to get their opinions across. They also have an opinion on how the business is run. However, this doesnt mean that their opinions will change the company or organisation. There are still similarities between democratic and autocratic leaders because there is still a leader that makes the overall decision despite what the employees say. The democratic leaders often set a date in which they take time to talk to all of the employees who have an input about the business this could be a positive or negative approach. The reason wherefore the manager carefully set a date for this is because it takes a lot of time and patience to learn and take in all the different opinions of people. It doesnt just take time to listen and adopt to the employees, it also takes careful analysing to decide to take action and change the businesses ways because of the employees choice.This is also because the manager has to go through the different levels of the hierarchy, therefore this can become very time consuming. Another disadvantage of having a democratic manager is that there will always be either a winner or a loser in some sense. This is because the employees point either gets across and there are earthshaking changes made in the business for the employees benefit, or the managers chooses not to change anything which leaves the employees feeling ignored and demotivated. This can give the employees low motivation because the employees who wanted a change in the work place would have worked comparatively hard and spent time planning and prepping for the meeting and the employees would feel like they wasted their valuable time for no reason.However, having a demo cratic manager is not all negative, having this type of working area can mean the workers are highly motivated for the fact that they feel valued because the managers take part in what they think about the business, and their opinions. Where as if they are not listened to many of the workers would feel like they are just there to work and have little character to the company and have no control over anything. Another positive aspect of democratic workers is that when the managers do listen to them, and there is a change made the workers feel proud and they feel like they have made commitments to the work place.This also means that a good relationship is made between the manager and the employees. The employees have more respect for the manager because they took the time to listen to them in return the employees are likely to work harder. An example of this is, when new initiatives are considered at recruitment consultancy, Longbridge international, they are discussed and agreed col lectively, almost 89% of the staff believes they make a valuable contribution to the company and 88% feel that they have/make a difference. (source applied business text book)This example supports the fact that the employees are motivated by a democratic leader because they are listened to and respected, rather than a manager that doesnt let them have any control over the work area or themselves.Laissez-faireLaissez-faire management program is a hand off approach, this means that the employees are drop by the wayside to work as they like and they are not put under pressure by their managers like other motivation and management theories. The managers who work like this will potentially give the employees the materials they need to complete the tasks that have been set for them. Laissez-faire workers have their own goals and are self-motivated. However, these workers must be highly experienced and motivated and who have a need for achievement to work because there is no manager press uring for work. If an inexperienced worker comes into an atmosphere like this it is highly likely that the company will suffer with poor communication and lack of work on deadlines. This could happen because employees are not used to have a very free environment and they might take advantage of this. This type of management styles is highly popular inside more creative businesses, this is because they are allowed to make up different styles and work by themselves.Some examples of Laissez-faire companies could beGraphic designerMagazine editor motivational theoristsDecoratorThe work that is more delicate and creative is supposed to reflect of the employee themselves therefore this is why Laissez-faire management style is better because they are allowed this freedom whereas in autocratic and democratic environments they are not which means every ones work will almost be the same. However, the businesses that recruit these types of workers need to carefully think about whom they choos e, in interviews they will normally ask questions relating to their work techniques and they will analyse if the workers can work freely and dont depone on the managers for advice, help and pressure. By asking these questions they are saving money and time for the business. If they were to recruit a worker that is cauterised as an X theory worker then they will on the loose(p) off and not complete work on time. An advantage of working like this is that most people dont like having someone looking over their shoulder constantly, so a laissez-faire management style promotes trust in the workers.The workers also have a feel of importance at work because they arent constantly being looked after and they have control of their work life as well as their social and leisure time. Another advantage is that this kind of style is positive only in the case when the employees are very responsible and in case of creative jobs where a person is guided by his own aspirations. In these cases, less direction is required so this style can be good. However there are some limitations to have such a free flowing environment, these can be because an laissez-faire management style makes it easy for workers to do a substandard job or to slack off entirely, and it unremarkably takes a very high-visibility problem to bring such workers to light. This style has more disadvantages because usually it is the result of the lack of interest of the leader that leads to his adopting this style. It proves poor management and makes the employees lose their sense of direction and focus. The disinterest of the management and leadership causes the employees to become less interested in their job and their dissatisfaction increases.

Finance & Strategic Management Essay

Over the past decades the innovation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has continued to grow in importance and signifi jackpotce due to outside(a) pressure of various(a) stake needers, and has thereby become more prominent on companies agendas (Carroll & Shabana, 2010 Beurden & Gossling, 2008). The concept of CSR has been subject to ample debate, commentary, possibility building and continues research (Carroll & Shabana, 2010). The question, of whether CSR investments result in monetary and social benefits that outweigh its make ups, is intensively scrutinized in existing lit (Schreck, 2001 Carroll & Shabana, 2010).Adherents of CSR argue that it is in the long-term self-interest of corporations to be socially involved (Carroll & Shabana, 2010 Barnet 2007). The boilersuit logic is that CSR increases the sendworthiness of profligates and strengthens the relationships with stakeholders. CSR may further result in decreased transaction costs and thereby improved corporate financial per shapeance (CFP), by decreasing employee turnover, reducing operating costs, as healthful as functioning as a buffer in disruptive returns (Carroll & Shabana, 2010 Barnet, 2007).Barnett (2007) and Schreck (2011) argue that, if the financial benefits of CSR fancy or exceed the costs, CSR put up be justified as a rational investment. According to Kurucz, Colbert and wheeler (2008), firms may attain four distinct benefits from engaging in CSR cost and adventure reduction gaining competitive advantage developing reputation and genuineness and seeking winwin outcomes through with(predicate) synergistic foster creation. Critics of CSR typically use classical economic arguments, articulated most forcefully by Friedman (Carroll & Shabana, 2010).Traditionally, the expenditures of CSR be considered an by-blow waste of resources, which conflict with a firms responsibility to its shareholders (Schreck, 2011, Barnet, 2007). According to Friedman (1970) There is one and however one social responsibility of concern to use it resources and bind in activities designed to increase its lolly so long as it stays within the rules of the game. Friedman further argued that, social issues are non the concern of business people, and the business of business is business (Carroll & Shabana, 2010).Even though CSR fool been subject to critique, an increase number of corporations are accepting responsibilities that extend well beyond the immediate interest of the owners, by considering non-shareholder stakeholders concerns (Grant, 2010 Clegg, Carter, Kornberger & Schweitzer, 2011). Although the existence, solicitude and strength of possible links between CSR and CFP shake been the subject of several empirical analyses (Schreck, 2011), and even though CSR is almost universally practiced, the results from empirical studies are inconclusive (De Bakker, Groenewegen & Hond, 2005).After more than thirty years of research, it bottom non clearly be concluded, w hether a one-dollar investment in social initiatives returns more or less, than one dollar in benefits to shareholders (Barnet, 2007 Surroca & Tribo & Waddock, 2008). The inconclusiveness of empirical studies may be due to unclear and inconsistent definitions of key terms (De Bakker, Groenewegen & Hond, 2005 Barnet, 2007), methodological differences (Carrol & Shabana, 2010), and diverse tone-beginninges of measuring CSR and CFP (Beurden & Gossling, 2008).In existing literature, CSR activities are often entioned to reduce find, by avoiding the various consequences of virtuous reproval by numerous stakeholders (Zadek, 2000). However, CSR derived pretend reductions are considered as an ex-post beneficial outcome and not as a proactive danger caution instrument to control or reduce idiosyncratic risk (firm specific). beneath the confidence that, shareholders are risk adverse and prefer a high expected return (Bodie, Kane & Marcus, 2011 Brealey, Myers & Allen, 2011), a reduction of firm specific risk must be perceived as favorably.Provided that CSR investments can be applied as a risk focus bastard, CSR could be seen as investments by firms on behalf of its shareholders. fetching a shareholder perspective, this paper looks beyond the socially good deed of CSR, and focuses on the comfort of CSR as a method to reduce idiosyncratic risk without detriment of CFP. CSR and Risk Management Since this paper hypothesizes that, CSR can be applied as a risk worry instrument to preserve CFP, risk neediness to be defined.Risk can be defined as the uncertainty about outcomes or events, oddly with respect to the future(a) (Orlitzky & Benjamin, 2001). Widely risk management is defined as a managerial tool to avoid risk, transfer risk to another party, reduce risk, or in some cases accepting consequences of a certain risk (Froot, Scharfstein & Stein, 1994). A shareholders perspective on risk management moreover, conflicts with the upper-case letter asset pricing model (CAPM) (Markowitz, 1952) and the Modigliani & Millers theorem on capital structure (1958).CAPM theory states that, the cost of reducing idiosyncratic risks simultaneously reduces the expected return, and hence firm tax (Markowitz, 1952). Risk reduction by holding a well- alter portfolio of securities will be unattainable by risk management (Godfrey, Merrill & Hansen, 2009), why a profit-maximizing investor would not prefer risk management. Total firm risk is in general the conspiracy of systematic and unsystematic risk (Hoje & Haejung, 2012).Systematic risk, often referred to as trade risk or non-diversifiable risk, is unremarkably defined as the firms sensitivity to changes in the market average returns, which cannot be reduce by diversification of shareholders (Weber, 2008 Luo & Bhattacharya, 2009 Orlitzky & Benjamin, 2001). Unsystematic risk is defined as idiosyncratic risk (Hoje & Haejung, 2012 Luo & Bhattacharya, 2009). Idiosyncratic risk is traditionally viewed as i ndifferent to the portfolio investors, since it is associated with specific companies and thereby can be reduced by diversified portfolios (Husted, 2005 Weber, 2008).Opposing idiosyncratic risk is of groovy relevance to the firm manager, whose very survival may direct upon taking adequate measures to reduce the idiosyncratic risk (Husted, 2005). Firms financial risk is often defined in terms of variability of returns (Orlitsky & Benjamin 2001), or stock price volatility (Luo & Bhattacharya, 2009), which is important risk measures, habituated that higher volatility implies greater investment risk and uncertain future exchange flows (Luo & Bhattacharya, 2009 Oikonomou, brook & Pavelin, 2012).A reduction in idiosyncratic risk reflects reduced variance in the future expected property flows, which translates into greater shareholder wealth (Luo & Bhattacharya, 2009 Mishra & Modi, 2012). In a strict Modigliani and Miller perspective, risk-management instruments are of no value, sinc e these are purely financial transactions that do not affect the value of a compeverys operating assets (Froot, Scharfstein & Stein, 1994). The views of CAMP and Modigliani and Miller have been superseded by a postmodern view of risk management as an important strategic tool.Firms do invest in insurances even though the costs of these investments may be in excess of expected losses, which is in clear violation with the perfect market assumption (Smith & Stulz, 1985 Stultz, 2002). If risk management can reduce firms exposure to idiosyncratic risks, it protects shareholders against the deadweight costs of severe financial detriment in a way, that investors can not accomplish in the market by diversifying (Godfrey, Merrill & Hansen, 2009). Review of the gene linkage between CSR and riskFor several decades, researchers have aimed at discovering a conclusive linkage between CSR and CFP, the literature however, remains highly fragmented (Aguinis & Glavas 2012). According to Orlitsky & Be njamin (2001) true economic performance manifests itself in both(prenominal) high financial returns and low financial risk. Among financial and non-monetary benefits, risk reduction is often mentioned as a positive outcome of engaging in CSR activities. Porter and Kramer (2006) argue that, todays pressure, of external stakeholders to hold companies accountable for social issues, learly demonstrate the effectivenessity large financial risks for any corporation.Several scholars emphasize, that the costs of CSR can be justified by reductions in risk and costs derived from engagement in social issues (Caroll & Shabana, 2010). The prime argument is that the diverse demands of stakeholders represent potential threats and risks to the viability of the firm, why it is the economic interest of firms to mitigate these threats and gain legitimacy through social involvement (Caroll & Shabana, 2010 Schreck, 2011 Kurucz, Colbert & Wheeler 2008).Existing literature on the CSR-risk relationship is virtually nemine contradicente agreeing upon a negative correlation between CRS and idiosyncratic risk, where empirical results show that CSR lowers idiosyncratic risk (Spicer, 1978 Orlitsky & Benjamin, 2001 Godfrey, 2005 Hoje & Haejung, 2012 Caroll & Shabana, 2010 Godfrey, Merrill & Hansen, 2009 Heal, 2005 Luo & Bhattacharya, 2012 Oikonomou, Brooks & Pavelin, 2012 Berman, Wicks, Kotha & Jones, 1999 Hart, 1995 Shrivastava, 1995 Peloza, 2006).Several studies have also shown a significant negative relationship between CSR and systematic risk (non-diversifiable) (Hoje & Haejung 2012 Orlitzky & Benjamin, 2001 Mcguire, Sungren & Scneewies, 1988 Luo & Bhattacharya, 2009). CSR reduces idiosyncratic risk by reducing the probabilities of expected financial, social, or environmental crisis that could adversely influence firms cash flows (Hoje & Haejung, 2012).Firms perceived as socially responsible may be able to increase interpersonal trust among stakeholders, build social capital, lowe r transaction costs, and therefore ultimately reduce uncertainty about future financial performance (Orlitzky & Benjamin, 2001). Luo and Bhattacharya (2009) present the view of CSR, as helping the firm build a parapet of defense against future losses of economic value by reducing firm specific risk and vulnerability of future cash flows.Firms with high social responsibility may have lower financial risk, since these are less sensitive to certain negative external events, like regulatory governmental intervention, undesirable publicity, probability of civil- and criminal legal proceedings or consumer boycotts, why risk reduction can be seen as a monetary benefit of CSR (Mcguire, Sungren & Scneewies, 1988 Oikonomou, Brooks & Pavelin, 2012 Weber, 2008 Orlitzky & Benjamin, 2001 Mcguire, Sungren & Scneewies, 1988).Participation in specific types of CSR, those aimed at a firms secondary stakeholders or society as a whole, is argued to create a form of grace or positive philanthropic mo ral reputational capital, which functions as an insurance-like protection, when negative events occur (Godfrey, 2005 Peloza, 2006). When business activity creates negative impact on society, stakeholders respond by sanctioning the firm (Godfrey, Merrill & Hansen, 2009).It is argued that the goodwill, derived from engagement in CSR, reduces the general severity of the sanctions, by encouraging stakeholders to give the firm the benefit of the doubt(Godfrey, 2005 Uzzi, 1997 Peloza, 2006 Godfrey, Merrill & Hansen, 2009). The resultant moral capital gained from social engagement has little to do with generating financial value, but the insurance-like protection contributes with preserving shareholder value and thereby financial performance (Godfrey, Merrill & Hansen, 2009).Mishra and Modi (2012) fund a significant effect on idiosyncratic risk, when CSR is applied, the authors however enhanced this result by finding that, positive CSR reduces idiosyncratic risk, while negative CSR increa ses idiosyncratic risk. lit has, according to Mishra and Modi (2012), often a singular focus on positive CSR, and overlooks that firms also occasionally engage in activities that qualifies as negative CSR. Luo and Bhattacharya (2009) and Porter and Kramer (2006) argue that CSR is not beneficial in all situations, but is rather advantageous in some contexts and disadvantageous in others and can even lead to additive risk.This is in line with Barnet (2007), who argues that stakeholders perception of firms CSR engagement are path-dependent (Barnet, 2007 Luo & Bhattacharya, 2009 Hoje & Haejung, 2012). For firms with social negative impact or anterior bad reputation, CSR may be perceived as blood money to mitigate past sins, omissions or shortcomings (Luo & Bhattacharya, 2009 Barnet 2007). CSR can thereby lead to reduced idiosyncratic risk, but can also expose a firm to additional risk (Weber, 2008 Barnet, 2007).Discussion Even though the CSR-risk relationship have received some(preno minal) attention in the existing literature, managing risk as the predominantly basic for engaging in CSR has not received specific attention. Focus within the field is on ex-post measures of risk-related benefits, where CSR is not valued as a proactive tool to reduce idiosyncratic risk. Existing research does not seem to provide any practical guidance to managerial proactive evaluations of the risk reductions derived from CSR involvement.It further lacks a practical mannikin to ex-ante measure out the risk related benefits of CSR (Weber, 2008). The above review demonstrates the focus on risk, solely as valuable side-effect of engaging in CSR activities. The authors of the paper posit a research gap exists within the existing literature of CSR and risk CSR is not considered as a proactive ex-ante risk management instrument to control and reduce firm risk. Given the risk reducing benefits of CSR, the authors suggest that investments in CSR can be apply as a proactive risk manageme nt instrument to reduce idiosyncratic risk.Such an approach could strengthen the overall CSR involvement and support rational ex-ante last-making in this area (Weber, 2008). The aim is to draw a much-need attention to the risk-reduction potential of CSR by viewing CSR investments as a proactive risk management tool, where managing risk is the main manipulation for engaging in CSR. Empirical resolving the research gap and verifying the hypothesis is beyond the screen background of this paper. The authors however, suggest that a potential solution is to apply real plectrum theory as a basis for proactive CSR risk management decision-making.CSR as a real option Attributable to the same arguments, the function of CSR as a risk management tool can be considered as a real option. Regular options are based on securities (financial instruments), whereas real options are based on hedging against uncertainties in real investment jump outs (Mun, 2002). An analysis of the costs and benefi ts of CSR projects, using traditional NPV models, often leads to a rejection, as these fail to contribute to maximizing shareholder value (Friedman, 1962).This is, nevertheless, not always the right decision, as the NPV approach fails to incorporate the main advantage of real options (Husted, 2005). Compared to the traditional NPV approach, real options offer management flexibility through multiple decision-making in situations with high uncertainty. Managers have the option, but not the obligation, to engage in, modifying or end strategies, as new information becomes available (Mun, 2002). A CSR option offers the choice of deferring, abandoning, expanding, or staging an investment project (Amram & Howe, 2003).Due to the theoretical and mathematical complexity of option theory, which is beyond the scope of this scientific paper, option theory will be described on an incomprehensive level. In brief option pricing is a function of five variables the value of the vestigial asset, the go price, time to exercise, the risk-free interest rate, and the volatility of the rudimentary asset (Black & Scholes, 1973).The value of the underlying asset is the resources resulted from the CSR option, such as qualified employees, PR and cost avoidings etc. Husted, 2005). The exercise price refers to the required additional investments needed for receiving the value created by the CSR option. The timing of the exercise is an inherent variable, as it has great effect on the value of CSR options. The risk-free interest rate does not play an important role in most real options (Mun, 2002). The volatility or the uncertainty of the underlying asset has a significant impact on the value of CSR options (Mun, 2002). The variance of the expected value can both be higher or lower than the expected return.Black and Scholes is the most widely used regular option pricing model, however, also one of the most complicated models (Mun, 2002). A Binomial grill approach is applied in most real option pricing, as it provides a more aboveboard and intuitive appeal compared with Black and Scholes theoretical and mathematical approach (Mun, 2002). However, since the aim is solely to clarify the value of real options in a CSR context, the choice of approach is of less relevance.Real options provide an important framework for firms to manage risk by reducing the risk of future investments, and can thus be an essential tool in corporate risk management (Husted, 2005). Finally, a real CSR option explicitly includes a time dimension. This ex-ante perspective is clearly different from the focus on risk in most CSR-risk research, which is ex post in nature. CSR as a risk management instrument The Toyota example A hardly a(prenominal) decades ago, railcar manufacturers did not focus so intensively on a green profiling as they do today.The increased oil prices in 1973 and 1979 were influential for the entry of Japanese car manufacturers in USA, who were producing small and more gas economic cars (Andrews, Simon, Tian & Zhao, 2011). The gas efficient cars of Japanese manufactures were causative to the car industry as a whole subsequently invested massively in green technology projects. These investments have met consumers need and have generated positive crisscrossing values. Toyotas Prius has reached cult status, as it is one of the most gas efficient and green cars on the market.However, more interestingly is the security, that the green profile of the Prius has offered Toyota, which includes protection against the bad publicity of car manufacturers contribution to pollution and factors such as Middle Eastern conflicts that influence oil prices and hence gross sales of cars. At first glance, it appears as Toyota has been skilled at forecasting future trends and meeting customers needs without using CSR as management instrument. As the following example however illustrates, Toyotas management could have benefitted from considering investments in CSR as real options to control idiosyncratic risk and thereby preserve CFP.In 2009 repeated accidents occurred, which were accused to be caused by flaws in floor mats and accelerator pedals in Toyotas vehicles. This resulted in a disown of more than 5 million vehicles, alone in the North American market (Andrews, Simon, Tian & Zhao, 2011). Before a product is recalled, companies have to make severe considerations. A product-recall can have great financial impact in terms of losses in brand value, consumer goodwill, decreasing sales and a negative effect on stock prices (Kumara & Schmitza, 2011), which in this case is the value of the underlying asset of the CSR option.The decision to recall the cars is the price of the option. The recall option could have generated strategic flexibility, which however, meanwhile was eliminated, as Toyotas management failed to exercise the option, before it was too late. The leisurely recall decision resulted in losses in brand value, consumer goodwill, d ecreased stock price, lower sales, a fine of $16 million and more than 130 potential class-action lawsuits (Andrews, Simon, Tian & Zhao, 2011).The negative outcome of the late recall is considered as high volatility of the underlying asset. A blistering recalling could have had a avoiding, a limited or opposite effect on product brand, consumer goodwill and the massive media coverage (Husted, 2005). Provided that Toyotas management had viewed the recall decision as a valuable option rather than severe costs, strategic flexibility could have been obtained, why the negative outcome may have been avoided.A faster exercise of the recall option might have resulted in goodwill or trust, which could have been exploited by Toyota to limit the negative publicity caused by the repeated accidents. Toyota however, failed to exercise the recall option in acute time, why the result was lost flexibility to respond to the unexpected event of the accidents. The value of the real option foregone by Toyota was a function of inter alia lost sales, brand value and reputation. Toyotas management failed to exploit the advantages of CSR as a risk management tool.

English Language Coursework †Task One and Introduction Essay

Task OneRobin Lakoff devised a theory of language and gender differences. She believed that wo men had a greater lexis when describing subjects such as colours w present men would digest a greater lexis in subjects such as sports. Lakoff also believed that women use more prestige grammar and wee pronunciation with more intensifiers than men. Therefore I have chosen to see whether these patterns occur within boys and girls ancient 7-8 to see if they have developed these attributes even at an early age.The audience I feel that would be appropriate to my research atomic number 18 people who work with or study boorren, A level or university students and people with a general interest of this topic. This is because by working with children you will be keen to hen-peck up new information to help you with your work so you may find some here and an A level student taking English language may look at this for an example.By observing the speech of childrens language I will be able to d ecide whether at that place is a difference in gender. People are influenced throughout their lives they are influenced by things such as their environment, media and social groups. At an early age children are looking towards their families and peers to see how they should act. This shows children are informed upon how to transfer with others, therefore leading the possibility that even at a young age they have the said(prenominal) traits as an adult.The research question I have concluded with is, are language and gender differences sheer within children ages 7-8 as there are in adults? Robin Lakoff stated that there are differences in spoken language between men and women so I have decided to see if children button up have these differences. The reason for this is because at such an early age every child is thought of the aforesaid(prenominal) and it is hard to see a dominate gender this was a key issue with early studies of men and women. Robin Lakoff also said women use hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation but since the children are only 7-8 years hoary they are still learning basic English skills. This means that this point will not have got here since the children are young.I have chosen this topic area because I was not aware that there was a gender difference in language until I was taught it. I have taken a interest in this because men and women are both educated in the same itinerary and thought to be brought up the same so I believed that they would have the same attitude in language. Another reason I have chosen this is because women are seen as the slight dominate gender but when I was a child I was not aware of this so I am interested to see if there are signs of this even at such a young age.I expect to find that even at an early age the boys will interrupt more as they tend to be very energetic whereas the girls will be more descriptive in describing an object. mental hospitalWhen studying English language I found out that there was gender differences within speech, this took my interest as I believe that women now are equal to men. I felt that some of these differences possibly because of the language men and women use. When researching this topic I found out that Robin Lakoff devised a theory that there are differences between the language of men and women and how males are more dominant speakers than females. This is because females are believed to be less assertive and tend not to interrupt during conversation like men do.This could branch onto discrimination as this a topic seen throughout life and it may give reasons to why females are discriminated more than males since they are not seen as the dominate gender. Another reason why I am doing this because I am interested how we develop our skills when we are young, why we develop them and who influences us on the language we use. I think back the way we brought up and the language we are taught to use plays a big role in our family because I feel th at each person uses their own distinctive language from each one and another, this is because I could tell a friend from another purely because of the vocabulary and dialect the person uses.Therefore I wanted to look to see if this still applies to boys and girls at a young age where they are seen to be innocent and they would not pick up on these differences. I will do this by talk to children ages 7-8 the same questions and taking down their response. The problem that may arise with this is that some children are more sure-footed than others this means they will not be as shy with their response as another child would.

The Inevitable Role of Character Formation in Schools

THE INEVITABLE ROLE OF CHARACTER FORMATION IN SCHOOLS Man is a clean cosmos. Historically, the mission of schools has been to develop in the young both intellectual and the moral virtues. Concerns for the moral virtues, such as honesty, responsibility, and the respect for others, are the domain of moral education. T. Okere maintained that without Moral Education in our school curriculum, our future day generations will continue to be governanceatically malformed, half-educated, mentally misshapen and spiritually dwarfed. Then, Holmes (1929) posited that the track to change our golf-club is to foster the growth of childs soul. Man is a composite being (body & soul). If we pay more than attention to one invariably the other will suffer. There is need for harmony to exist mingled with the duo. Your character is the real you. Character is the complex of mental and ethical traits making a person or is said to be the stable and distinctive qualities built into an individuals life w hich determine his or her response regardless of circumstances. Everyone has character it transcends race, religion, education, position, get along with, gender and personality. No investigate, Abraham Lincoln said reputation is the shadow.Character is not estimable what we try to display for others to see, it is who we are even when no one is watching. Good character is doing the right intimacy because it is right to do what is right. So, in order to make character, there is need for the establishment of character. Character formation refers to helping children to acquire those virtues or moral habits that will help them individually live good lives and at the same time become productive, contributing members of their communities. In this view, moral education should contribute not but to the students as individuals, but also to the social cohesion of a community.The word Moral comes from Latin outset (mos, moris) and means the code or customs of people, the social glue tha t defines how individual should live together work force of God are respected men of power are feared, whereas men of character trusted. No wonder Ger valet de chambre motto reads thus when wealth is confused aught is lost, when health is lost something is lost, when character is lost all is lost. When I talk of men of character I mean people of integrity because it involves self-colouredness. It is being upright in all our dealings. All men are alike in their promises it is only in their deeds that they differ says Mollier.Man is like a raw material or rather a crude oil oil that needs purification in order to remove the impurities. Hence, the centrifugal configuration of our educational system should be character education. This is so because character is the highest, if not the sole purpose of education. Pupils behaviours are characterized by their way of trainings than by their talents or natural design. Character formation being the physical object of education deals with individual and the whole system of his thoughts, believes, habits, determine and all those part of his personality which are reflected in his behavior.Character formation as an object of education should be a continuous process till the death of the individual. Education taken in the most formal way should adopt such patterns as to link itself with the particular environment, needs and the age of the recipient. And as such primary, Secondary and Higher Education should have a separate scheme establish on their reasoning. At Primary and Secondary level it concerns itself with the instruction of some basic universal values to the children while deeper issues till higher education.There cannot be true education which is not wholly directed to mans last end. It is good to think well and divine to act well says Horace Mann. Character suppuration is the greatest, if not the sole, aim of education. Thus, not education but character is mans greatest need. A simple character of mine is how treat a person who can do absolutely nothing for me. Character once built is not easily destroyed, because character is the persons second temperament (secunda natura). Udeke, Charles Ndubuisi emailprotected com +2348051763367

Belief in God but not Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

feeling in God but non Religion - Essay ExampleExamples of trusts include the Buddhists, Christians, and Muslims among others (Hesse 77). There is the collect to belief in God and not devotion because the devil books Siddhartha and The Little Philosophy Book gives diametric perspectives of pietisms. Siddhartha talks about a spiritual voyage of the main fictional character who is Siddhartha, through four sections of living. Siddhartha was a son to Brahmin and aesthetic in the forest. He was described as a gambler, merchant and at last a ferryman. At the end of the book, the scholarship of Siddhartha arrived at by the supposed character was a variety of Buddhists and Hindu traditions (McClory 42). The Little Philosophy Book, on the other hand, talks about examination of individual-self, the earth, and the nature of truthand, put across questions like, why are we here? who are we? and how should we live? the book begins by traveling about antique philosophy that varies fr om Socrates Greece, to Vedic India, to Daoist, Confucian, and Buddhist chinaware, and in the Middle East (Solomon 82). In essence, both books bound on the aspect of worship where different people practice several beliefs and customs. For example, in Siddhartha, the main character was a gambler who lived in woodwind instrument with his own way of life and in his quest for wisdom Siddhartha makes a false sacrifice (Hesse 77). His selfish actions made him have many arguments with his fellow old man, Ferryman. For example, Siddhartha visualised his negligence and selfish actions when he was told by Ferryman to let his 12-year son to take care of himself in the woods and the world because his father was not being fair to him. Siddhartha had a mind-body problem, which made him portray his selfishness attitude. Throughout their lives in the forest, these people had their own religion, which combines the teachings and practices of Buddhists and Hindu. Note that Buddhism is a religion o n its own while Hinduism is another religion on its own. The practices and traditions of these two religions are different. Since, Siddhartha, Ferryman, Hesse and other people who lived in forest had a hybrid of the two religions of Hindu and Buddhist, it means their religion was also on its own (Hesse 64). Note that all of them believe to be worshipping God but their practices, customs and traditions are different. This means that belief should be dedicated to God and not religion because the world has several religions, which have distinct practices, and no religion believes on what the other religion believes in. The same concept is supported in the book The Little Philosophy Book which examines the concept of sentience as par Descartes thought that, I think, therefore I am, phenomenological words that explain the turn off of mind-body problem (Solomon 91). This book talks about God, spirituality, nature, freedom and responsibility, cosmology, morality and ethics. The book also explores the meaning of life and the function of philosophy in determining both life and happiness. All these concepts are connected to religion in the sense that they define the way of life of people and as mentioned, the practices in it indicate that the religions of China people was Buddhist, while Indians practiced Vedic as other practiced Confucianism (McClory 43). All these are examples of religions in both books and they clearly imply that people need to believe in God and not religion because there is no uniform custom in all the religions in the world. The spirituality of these religions also differs greatly due to the difference in believes. However, it should be clear that spirituality is the majestic and thoughtful fervors of life and a life lived

Affects of the cycle of poverty on children in Victorian England Research Paper

Affects of the cycle of p everyplacety on children in Victorian England - Research Paper ExampleIn the act viewers come across the topic of confrontation between working class and bourgeoisie. In order to understand the depth of these processes it is necessary to resort to Marxist criticism. Thus, Marxist approach is based on the idea that it is necessary to equate different social classes, or in other words to appoint lower class. Working class is considered to be on the bottom of the society, while the authorities are referred to as those who control all the aspects of social life. Marxist criticism refuses from such a position. According to its principles, the control all over economic, financial, and cultural life should first and foremost belong to working class. Viewers may observe characters of the play attempting to rebel against social realities.Thus, social inequality is one of the most acute and challenging issues of the Victorian era. toby Ragg, Todds apprentice, and Sweeney Todd himself may be seen as representatives of the lower class, while Judge Turnip represents the ruling class. It is realistic to see that lower class is morally opposed to the higher class. Thus, Judge Turnip represents evil. It is difficult to assure that toby represents goodness, though partially he does. This is just an innocent child who becomes a victim of circumstances.Toby is too weak to resist the flow of life. His biography may illustrate this. This is an orphan, hired by Mrs. Lovett afterwards his previous employer was murdered by Todd. Very soon the boy becomes deeply attached to Mrs. Lovett he accepts her as his surrogate mother. Todds business is flourishing, which means that Toby is not hungry and has a roof over his head. A lot of children of the Victorian era could be envious with him. However, his life changes soon. Todd and Mrs. Lovett start hunting for him as he discovers their secret. Toby is shocked and astonished with atrocities Todd has