Creative Writing Coursework: Armageddon

The room was dim. The stone walls were damp and cold. In fact, the entire place was damp, the floor and the ceiling; the place was a dump. The smell of damp, urine and excrement was present, there was another smell lingering too, an unusual smell. It was the sickly stench of dried blood. In the room five men were seated around a large table, glaring at each other. Brandon Cole walked through the darkness. After finishing work he had decided to take the short route home. Brandon wrapped his arms around him. It was cold. The sound of Brandon's footsteps echoed through the narrow road. Brandon could see nothing – it was pitch black, he squinted to try and see through the darkness. Brandon continued walking down the stone road, he felt something squelch beneath his feet, he muttered irritably to himself and grabbed his lighter from his pocket. He flicked the lid back and the lighter burst in to light, like a tiny explosion. The small flame did hardly anything to improve Brandon's vision against the darkness. Brandon bent down placing the lighter by his foot, squinting again. The smell hit him and Brandon recoiled quickly, the smell invaded his nostrils and for a fleeting second Brandon thought he was going to vomit. He spoke out loud ‘Bloody dogs, crapping everywhere' he placed his foot down on the floor and began scraping it, wiping away the filth. Brandon stopped and pulled a cigarette from his pocket pushing it between his lips. He lit it and inhaled deeply, he left it a second then breathed out a long stream of silvery blue smoke. Brandon began walking again, he turned a corner and heard a small noise behind him, and Brandon spun around quickly. Probably that flaming dog, he thought. As Brandon turned back he saw the figure standing before him, saw it lunge forward, felt it bite his neck. Brandon tried to shout for help but his throat felt constricted. Brandon swallowed hard and felt the teeth sink deeper into his neck. Brandon looked up and saw a shooting star. Make a wish. He blacked out. The five men in the room eyed each other silently. The room was deathly silent. Each of the men was dressed in black suits, their faces pale. A tall man sitting at the head of the table finally broke the silence ‘How is the training programme coming along?' he asked, his thick Russian accent was extremely noticeable. Silence. The Russian man lowered his head and sighed. The silence seemed almost palpable. A deafening roar and then a huge thud on the table finally broke the silence. The Russian man glared around the room, silence enveloped over the room once again. An American man sat on the side of the table began to speak ‘Sir, the training plan is failing abysmally. We apologise.' The American man held the Russian man's gaze for a few seconds. The American man knew the Russian man as Boran Yelstof. He was 27 years old, his hair was jet black and his eyes were a very pale grey colour. In the darkness of the room Boran could barely be seen. From the shadows Boran Finally said ‘What about the other club?' The American man smiled ‘Sir, that plan is going well. In fact it's happening right next door now.' He said these words slowly and confidently. Boran smiled bearing gleaming white teeth; they seemed to penetrate the darkness of the room. Boran stood up ‘Take me to the club. Now!' The American man rose quickly and stumbled backwards. He turned and walked quickly to the door. It was almost time. Brandon woke up he felt a searing pain in his neck and placed his fingers on the wound. He hissed in pain as he touched it. He could taste his own blood in his mouth, it was congealed and some of it was dry. Brandon spat the pain in his neck intensified as the large mucoid spittle that was mixed with blood exited his mouth and landed on the floor. Brandon placed a hand on his aching head and spat again. He massaged the bridge of his nose. He ran his tongue across his teeth to get the worst of the blood off them, Brandon felt a sharp pain on his tongue and felt blood begin to trickle from it. He placed his finger in his mouth to see what had caused the accident. His eyes opened with horror as he felt two sharp fang teeth. He shut his eyes and want filled his mind. Want for only one thing. Human blood. The room was dull green in colour, on the floor lay cardboard mats selotape held them down. Water could be seen leaking through the walls and the odour of damp was clearly present in the room. Boran looked around. Men were stood around the cardboard mats, cheering mindlessly. In the circle two men were fighting, the sound of blood splattering on the floor could be heard above the cheering. The sound of clenched fists smashing against bone could be easily heard. Boran smiled. Boran walked into the middle of the circle. The cheering stopped suddenly. Boran smiled, kicked off his shoes and took his tie off. He pointed to a stocky man from the crowd. Boran studied him carefully; the half-light made it difficult to see. From what he could see Boran saw the man had blonde hair; he had grey eyes and looked pretty strong. Boran pointed at the man at motioned for him to come into the circle. The man walked slowly and cautiously into the centre of the circle and stood opposite Boran. Boran raised his fists ready to fight. The blonde man clicked his fingers and raised his own fists. A whistle sounded and the fight began. Without hesitation Boran forced his fist down as hard as he could on to the blonde man's nose, the snap of bone filled the room. The blonde man stumbled back; blood erupted from his broken nose. Boran looked at his hand, blood was dripping from it, Boran stared at it looking deeply as if expecting an answer from the crimson fluid, and eventually he licked it, tasting the liquid. Boran smiled as the crowd roared on. The blonde man lashed out at Boran, trying to hit him but before he could Boran drove his fist into the man's jaw. Once again he heard the snap of bone, the blonde man fell down in a heap. Boran raised his hand to silence the crowd and silence came quickly. Boran looked around the room and after what seemed like an eternity Boran began to speak ‘Fellow friends. You are all alike, all feed on one thing. You are all vampires' the words echoed through the dim room. Boran continued ‘Tomorrow I will post assignments through your doors. They must be completed, if you fail to complete them then†¦' the sentence trailed off and Boran looked at the blonde man, his hair was red with blood now. Boran walked away, slipping his shoes on as he passed. As Boran opened the door to leave he turned and smiled ‘Continue'; the deafening roar of cheering filled his ears once again. ‘You kill the master, you kill them all' the English accent filled the room ‘the problem is that no one knows who the master is'. Tyler Freeman stood up; it was boiling in the small confines of the room. Tyler walked to the window and pulled it up, the air came in and Tyler sighed as the cool breeze hit his face. The sun was high and Tyler looked up at it for a second, he lowered his gaze and saw green lights dancing in front of him, he shut his eyes and rubbed them, trying to get the green flashes out of his head. The other men in the room were silent. Boran sat in the darkness he couldn't go outside. The day was always so boring; it was like being grounded. Boran closed his eyes, each assignment had been written. Boran sighed; he was trying to sleep. He could do with a few hours of rest, yet sleep seemed to avoid Boran lately. He had heard of hunters living around the area he was staying, they were his only fear, it wasn't because they could kill him it was simply because the vampire hunters could expose the vampire race, it would be awful. Boran looked at his watch, it was 1:47pm, he sighed. Boran stared at the dull, damp walls, at the concrete floor and at the large wooden table. He shut his eyes again. He knew it was going to be a very long day. Brandon was sat at home, he glanced over at his wife and smiled ‘Beth, come over here' he said. Beth walked slowly over to him and sat on his knee. He smiled again. Brandon moved forward and placed his mouth on Beth's, she responded quickly and fiercely, she probed her tongue into his parted lips. Brandon opened his mouth fully, pushing his tongue further into Beth's mouth. Beth felt a sharp pain on her tongue and withdrew it quickly. She felt the blood oozing slowly from it. Brandon opened his mouth fully exposing the gleaming white fangs. Before Beth even had a chance to scream Brandon was upon her, he drove his sharp fangs into Beth's neck ripping off skin and tearing muscle. Blood pumped from the wound and Brandon drank it, enjoying the taste. Brandon stood up, blood dripping down his chin. He stared across at the mirror no reflection stared back. Brandon smiled revealing bloodied teeth once again. Tyler had found the note on his desk about fifteen minutes ago yet he read it out loud like it was the first time he had seen it. Scrawled on the note were the words: NEST – ABONDONED WAREHOUSE -CALDICOT ROAD 7pm TONIGHT. TYLER, BE THERE! -ANON. Tyler knew of the warehouse, he remembered playing there as a kid. But who could have sent the note? The question gnawed at his mind and finally Tyler slammed his hand down on the desk and cursed. He knew he had to check it out. Tyler looked at the letter again and sighed. He would need to get a party together by at least five that evening. Tyler slipped the letter back into the envelope; he wondered who was telling him where to go. Another scared him too; the letter was written in blood. Boran had given up on sleep and instead decided to give his minion's the assignments. He looked at the one on top of the pile. Boran had written As you know I am Boran, the master. I, like you am a vampire. Yet I am different, I am the master. I can control you. I do not work you hard so I feel you should thank me. I am asking you a favour, as I am worried. As you know hunters live in this part of the world and I have reason to believe that hunters are here searching for us. I ask you to become one of my army; you will be treated well and with respect. So, if hunters do come in search of us we will be ready – or at least I hope we will be. I am asking for your help and I hope you will be bold enough to help me. Thank you Boran. Boran smiled, he knew his followers would do this for him, they would do anything for him. They were mindless drones in his eyes. Boran smiled and slid the note under the door; he had only three left. Boran looked around the corridor as he posted the letters; it was the same dark green as the rest of the place. Boran looked at the wall, at where his shadow should've been. He laughed, a shadow was something he had never had, Boran had been a vampire in the womb – He was the only one that existed, that was how he had become the master. He remembered standing over the last master's deathbed, he could remember the exact words spoken to him ‘You are a pure bred vampire, you will be the next master. Boran, you will change history. You will hold Armageddon in your hands, I hope you will do us proud. Boran lowered his head, as of yet it had not come and Boran wondered if it ever would. Boran stared at the dull green glow of the light. It would soon be time – it had to be. Brandon looked at the clock, it was 5:30pm. Next to Brandon was his wife. Beth sat unmoving. Brandon knew she was resting. He smiled thinly; her blood had been amazing. A large crimson stain was soaked through the floor, Brandon licked his lips and smelled the coppery odour of her blood, he smiled and licked his lips. Beth stirred and Brandon glanced over at her, she was beautiful, her long brown hair, her deep blue eyes – everything. Brandon stared at the steady rise and fall of her chest; it seemed to intrigue Brandon. Suddenly, Beth woke up and began gasping for air, she screamed and it seemed to penetrate the stillness and silence of the room, like a knife being scraped down a chalkboard. Brandon looked at Beth and shouted ‘Beth, what's wrong?' a hint of fear sounded in his voice. Beth looked at him and pulled her tee shirt up revealing her flat stomach. Slashed across with perfect precision was: Come to the abandoned warehouse in Caldicot rd at 6:45 tonight. Beth, Brandon – do not be late! Your Master Boran. Beth looked at Brandon and he saw tears streaming down her cheeks, he swallowed hard and pointed at her stomach. Beth looked down. The words had disappeared. Tyler looked around the room and noticed it was fully metal. The fluorescent lights cast a cold, bright glow over the room. The room was big, as Tyler paced the room he could hear his footsteps hitting the cold, metal floor. He looked at the group of men standing before him, he didn't know any of them but that didn't matter. Tyler faced them ‘You know the rules: Don't play hero, kill all vampires without hesitation and kill a member if the are bitten', Tyler raised his eyebrows ‘Got it?' he said. The five men all said ‘Yes sir' at the same time. Tyler ran an eye over each of each of them, checking they were properly equipped, Tyler nodded approvingly, there were no faults with any of the men. Tyler grabbed the four wooden steaks that lay on the table, his gun that was also on the table, fifteen boxes of ammo and a large silver samurai sword that hung on the wall. Tyler sucked in a deep breath and lowered his gaze, looking at his feet. ‘Let's go' he ordered, a note of determination in his voice. But there was something else in his voice too Fear Maybe? Tyler felt his stomach somersault and shut his eyes for a brief second. He reached for the door. Boran opened his eyes and looked at his watch, it was 6:17pm, he had to prepare, he had to see who was willing to join his army. Boran rubbed his eyes, he had dropped off for a short time, he was still worrying about the vampire hunters, Boran feared for what might happen. Boran realised what he had to do, the task would be difficult but he must do it. Boran looked up at the wall, a small calendar was there, and he studied it. It was Thursday, Boran lowered his head – he was leaving Friday, he wondered if something was going to happen before then. He hoped it wouldn't, Boran looked at his watch -Friday couldn't come soon enough. Beth and Brandon were sat in the car; the drive would take about ten minutes. Luckily it had become quite cloudy and it was beginning to get dark, the light hurt both Brandon and Beth's eyes. Beth rubbed her stomach, she was aware of a pain the came every now and then; it was like someone kicking her there. She frowned and brought her hand away slowly. Brandon cast her a cursory glance but focused on the road when he realised she was ok. Beth looked at the clock, it told her that it was 6:30pm. Tyler checked each of his team again, they were ready, so was Tyler. ‘Mr. Freeman, what time do we leave, sir?', the voice came from the youngest looking of the men, Tyler reasoned he could be no more than twenty-two ‘Ten minutes' Tyler said. The van was small and the compartment where Tyler and his party were sat had everything, computers, video cameras, and phones. Tyler looked at the machinery and he spotted something. He bent down to see the object and he finally realised that it as a walkie-talkie. Tyler grabbed it and noticed many more lay beneath a small cloth, he picked up five and passed them to each man in the group ‘These might come in handy' said Tyler in an unmoving tone, he attached the two-way to his belt and checked his watch, it was 6:40pm. Tyler opened the back door of the van ‘Let's go' he ordered. The five other men followed Tyler. Across the street a car pulled up. Boran was stood still, behind him were the rest of the nest. Stood next to him was the American man, Boran looked at him ‘Matthew, you must protect me. Ok?' The American man looked at him and nodded, he looked forward again and shut his eyes a bead of perspiration ran down his face. One word roared through his mind TRAITOR! Beth looked at Brandon and sighed ‘Are you sure this is right?' she asked. Brandon smiled ‘I'm sure' he replied. Brandon looked across at the van parked on the other side and frowned ‘Wonder what that is, it looks pretty high-tech' Beth shrugged. Brandon sucked in a deep breath; his stomach felt like it was somersaulting with nervousness. Beth frowned as a large pain in her stomach came and Brandon looked at her ‘You ok?' he asked, Beth looked at him and nodded. She rubbed her stomach, ‘It's probably nothing' she told him unconvincingly. The clock on the dashboard read 6:42pm ‘Give it a minute' said Brandon. Boran felt a presence; a single bead of perspiration ran down his head. A knock on the door made him jump and he cursed. Silence. Another knock, Boran raised his hand to silence the already quiet men. Boran heard voices from outside the door and felt nervous. He noticed that some of the men had begun to move, they had been standing for quite a while, Boran clicked his fingers to silence the men again, it worked. Another knock came at the door and Boran felt his left knee begin to shake. The door crashed down and made a huge noise, it was intensified by the echo that it caused. Both Boran and Tyler's mouths dropped open as they saw each other ‘Master's of the opposite sides' Boran said trying to smile and look unafraid. Tyler glared at him ‘Armageddon' he whispered. In an instant Tyler raised his gun and he fired off three rounds, the recoil hurting the palm of his hand. The first bullet hit Matthew in the chest and he screamed in agony as the bullet tore through him, he managed to gurgle two words ‘I'm sorry', blood began to spill over his lip. The second bullet hit him in the side of his face and Tyler heard the crack of bone then saw his face rip off because of the force of the bullet. The third shot missed and hit the wall blasting a huge hole in it; plaster and brick flew off in chunks from the wall hitting Boran and some of his followers. ‘Boran, I could kill you so easily. Just one shot.' Tyler chuckled to himself/ Boran felt the anger rising within him and he clenched his fists until his knuckles turned white with rage ‘Tyler, you know what is supposed to happen when the two masters meet', Tyler glared at Boran and finally stated ‘A fight to the death'. Boran smiled ‘That's right Tyler. What Else?' Tyler stared at Boran for what seemed be an eternity and managed to say ‘Armageddon.' Boran smiled and whispered ‘Who too Tyler?' Tyler stared down at the floor ‘To the side that loses' Tyler met Boran's icy glare ‘But it's only hearsay, it's never been proven!' he said this defensively, as if it would make Boran reconsider. Boran slipped off his shoes ‘Tyler, there's only one way to find out. Fight me to the death.' Tyler raised his gun and shot at Boran, the shot hit him in the elbow and he bellowed in pain as his lower arm was ripped away, he fell to the floor gripped his arm, it was pumping blood. Boran screamed one word ‘Attack!' The entire army ran towards the five men. Tyler was about to fire again when he felt a large hand grip his shoulder, he turned his neck and raised his arm. It smashed the vampire in the face and it fell backwards. Tyler turned around and raised his sword, he brought it down with an amazing force on to the vampire's head. Tyler heard the satisfying crack of bone and felt the blood of the vampire hit his face. He ripped the sword out of the vampire's skull and swung it around him, it hit another vampire and chopped it completely off at the waist, the legs remained upright for a second then fell into a heap on the floor. Tyler jumped into the shadows and gripped the two-way. He pressed the small button on the side of it. Tyler spoke calmly into it ‘Requesting backup in Caldicot Road warehouse. Quickly, this is a code blue emergency', there was a hiss of static then a voice from the other end ‘Ok Tyler, I got that. Over and out.' Tyler clipped the two-way back on to his belt and reached for his gun. He could hear the gunfire of his partners. ‘At least they aren't dead yet' muttered Tyler. The gun was light and Tyler looked at it, he knew the technical specs of the gun very well and eventually found the button he sought. He pushed it and smiled, the gun was programmed to rapid-fire. Tyler stood up and raised the gun. He pulled and held the trigger. Brandon and Beth heard the gunfire from the warehouse and looked at each other. Brandon placed the key back in the ignition and started it up. Beth locked her door; she looked out of the window and saw people running from the gunfire yet nobody ran out of the warehouse. The deafening sound of gunfire drowned out the sound of screams and Beth closed her eyes, trying to ignore the sounds. The car began moving and Beth felt a sharp pain in her stomach, was it a warning to go back? She ignored it and the car drove on. Tyler felt the recoil of the gun against the palm of his hand. He gritted his teeth and shut his eyes. He moved the gun from side to side hoping it was hitting something. Tyler heard the click of the gun showing that the magazine was empty. Tyler quickly ducked and slammed in another one. Immediately he stood up and began firing again. Bodies were scattered across the floor and blood was spattered on the walls and ceiling, it was pumping from the bullet-ridden bodies oozing on to the floor. Tyler heard screams in the distance but kept his finger pulled down on the trigger. Tyler felt the gun stop firing and ducked back into the shadows, he reloaded but stayed down for a second this time. He heard sirens in the distance and smiled. Boran had managed to get away and now he stood in the filthy infirmary wrapping what remained of his arm. Boran saw a rat scuttle across the filthy floor of the infirmary. Boran rubbed the perspiration from his pale face. Was it over, or was it just beginning? Boran clenched his only fist and swiped at the mirror that was in the room, as it cracked he saw the room reflected at least twelve times, but no reflection. Boran walked out of the room, sweat was soaking his back and armpits. One word raced through his mind and refused to leave. Armageddon. The firing had stopped; the agonising wails of pain had stopped. Tyler came up from the shadows and saw twelve men; it was the back up team. ‘Hey guys. They all dead?' Tyler pointed in the direction of one of the vampires. The twelve men of the backup team looked at Tyler ‘Hey Tyler, what the hell happened here?' Tyler looked at the men ‘What does it look like?' Silence. Tyler looked at the spot where Boran had been lying ‘Oh Christ' he murmured. Tyler heard the massive crash of the door and raised his gun. He fired three rounds at the figure that stood in the doorway and each shot hit it. The figure began walking towards Tyler. Finally the dim light spread across the beings face ‘Boran' Tyler muttered. Boran smiled ‘Hello Tyler' he whispered. Tyler threw his gun away ‘Fine, a fight to the death!' Both men ran at each other and as Boran lashed out with one powerful fist Tyler fell to the floor, ducking from the fatal blow. Boran cursed and stopped himself from running. Tyler pulled himself up and grabbed one of the wooden steaks from his belt. Tyler heard Boran running up behind him and shut his eyes tight. In one swift movement Tyler was up and had spun his whole body round, the wooden steak came around in his hand, it ripped through Boran's skin, muscle and bone and finally pierced his heart. Boran felt one moment of searing pain and then it subsided to nothingness, Boran could feel himself slipping away in to unconsciousness. In to death. Boran opened his mouth and blood began to trickle from it, running down his chin and splashing on the floor, like tiny crimson pools. Boran tried to speak but found it almost impossible, he could only focus on one word. He coughed up more blood and tried to speak again ‘A†¦Ar.' Tyler glared at him coldly and finally whispered ‘Armageddon.' Darkness enveloped the earth; it was like the entire world had been covered by a huge blanket. People stared up in both disbelief and fear. Vampires everywhere began to fall, wither away and slide in to oblivion, into an eternal sleep. The darkness seemed to grow greater and an icy wind ran chills through the soul of everybody. The darkness seemed impenetrable. The body of Boran fell to the ground and Tyler opened his own eyes. An icy chill ran through him. It was over. ‘We've won. The world is ours.' The twelve men looked at each other confusedly, not understanding what Tyler was saying. Tyler looked outside and the darkness began to dissipate, blue skies took over the world again. The darkness faded away into nothingness. One thought was on Tyler's mind. Who had sent him the note? The thought hit Tyler suddenly and he gasped. He bent down at the body of Boran and pushed his hand in to Boran's bloodied pocket. Nothing. Tyler walked over to Matthew and searched his pockets; inside one of the trouser pockets was note, it was written in blood; Tyler smiled at the words scrawled on it. I AM A TRAITOR. I AM SORRY! -ANON. Tyler knew it was the same man. The guy had been a right hand man and a traitor. Tyler laughed. The man who he had first shot and killed had actually helped him. Tyler heard movement behind him and raised his gun, ready to fire. The members of his own party came from the shadows ‘Hey Sir. We dived back here when you nearly shot us. Sorry.' Tyler laughed and walked off. One word boomed through Tyler's mind. Armageddon. The body of Beth Cole lay on the operating table. She, like many others had died when the darkness had come. Beth was different though. She had been pregnant. When the doctors had found her a case had taken place, Beth was hooked up to a life support machine to keep her baby alive. Although her brain was dead technology could keep her body working normally. She had been lying on the bed for two months and the doctors had taken tests that showed the baby would be perfect. The tests had proved to be right, the baby had been born less than thirty minutes ago and it was fine. Beth Cole had given birth to a perfectly healthy baby boy. The doctors were stood around Beth's bed waiting for the leading doctor to pull the plug that would stop her body from working, finally he did. The body of Beth Cole was taken the morgue. Her baby lay in his incubator waiting for attention. More tests needed to be run on him and he could not wait for those to be completed. He was thirsty and wanted only one thing, he wanted to taste the sweet flavour of human blood. The baby began to cry.

Violence Against Nurses Psychiatric Settings Health And Social Care Essay

The motive of this paper stemmed from a late intelligence in the media describing the increased incidents of force and aggression faced by nurses in Jordanian infirmaries. The media intelligence prompted the writer to reflect on current cognition and apprehension of these events in both in Jordan and around the universe to do recommendations for pull offing reduction, and bar of these events in the hereafter. Recommendations for future research in this country were addressed besides. Recommendations for future research will enable nurses to intensify their apprehension of force and aggression in psychiatric scenes & A ; which in bend will take to improved schemes, policy and pattern taking to increased safety for nurses and patients. This paper was intended to be a commentary paper on the phenomena of force in psychiatric scenes ; nevertheless, to notice on this phenomenon an extended literature reappraisal was conducted and will be presented besides. The paper design compared the â €Å" force † with the â€Å" offense † . The culprit of this offense is the psychiatric or mentally sick patient, while the victim is the psychiatric/mental wellness nurse. The scene where the offense occurred is the psychiatric scene. The Aim This paper aims to supply a general apprehension of the whole image of force against nurses in psychiatric scenes. In order to accomplish that, this paper addressed the undermentioned subjects: ( 1 ) Recent epidemiology of episodes of force in psychiatric words, ( 2 ) Specifying force and related constructs, types, and signifiers, ( 3 ) The culprit, ( 4 ) The victim, ( 5 ) Prevention of violent incidents, ( 6 ) Appraisal of force, ( 7 ) Management of violent episodes. Methods The undermentioned databases were searched: EBSCO host service databases ( Academic Search complete, Accumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature ( CINAHL Plus ) , MEDLINE, Psychology and Behaviours Sciences Collection ) . These databases were searched for English linguistic communication documents published between 1 January 2006 and 1 April 2011 utilizing the cardinal words â€Å" violen* † ( force or violent ) and â€Å" in-patient † or â€Å" psychiatric words † or â€Å" psychiatric scenes † . Limiters were used in each database to include and except certain surveies. The hunt was limited to full text articles, available mentions articles, articles published between 1 January 2006 and 1 April 2011 in scholarly ( peer reviewed ) diaries. Particular clippers for Academic Search Complete were periodical publications, English linguistic communication articles, and articles with PDF full text. Particular clippers for CINAHL Plus were articles with available abstract, English linguistic communication articles, research articles merely, articles that considered worlds merely as research topics, articles with at least one nurse writer, surveies conducted in inmate scenes merely, and articles with PDF full text. Particular clippers for MEDLINE were: articles with abstract available, English linguistic communication articles, articles that considered worlds merely as research topics, articles published in nursing Diaries merely. Merely PDF full text articles were searched in psychol ogical science and Behavioural Sciences Collection. After finishing hunt, 197 surveies resulted. Most of them were included in this paper. However, some were non included because they did non react to the objects of this paper. Some of surveies in mentions lists of the attendant articles were besides reviewed and included for epidemiological intents even they are older than five old ages. Some of them were besides used for critically reexamining the updated surveies ( aaˆÂ °A?5 old ages ) . Definitions Violence in the workplace can take assorted signifiers runing from opprobrious linguistic communication, menaces, physical assaults, and even homicide ( Wassell, 2009 ) . There are many different definitions of force. This subdivision will specify and distinguish between force signifiers and signifiers. The universe Health Organization ( WHO ) define force as: â€Å" The knowing usage of physical force or power, threatened or existent, against oneself another individual, or against a group or community, that either consequences in or has a high likeliness of ensuing in hurt, decease, psychological injury, maldevlopment, or want † ( WHO, 2005, p.5 ) . Work-related force is any activity or event occurred in the work environment affect the international usage of physical or emotional maltreatment against an employee, ensuing in negative physical and emotional effects ( Nachreiner, et al. , 2007 ) . A less restrictive definition was the definition of Baron and Neuman ; they define workplace force as direct onslaughts which occur in the workplace itself or within an organisation ( Baron & A ; Neumann, 1998 ) . Physical assault is hitting, slapping, kicking, forcing, catching, sexually assaulted, or any type of physical contact aimed to injury or harm ( Nachreiner et al. ) . A menace occurred when person used words, gestures, or actions for freighting another one without trying injury or hurt ( Nachreiner et al. ) . Sexual torment occurred when 1 is a topic for any type of unwanted sexual behavior ( words or actions ) . ( Nachreiner et al. ) . Verbal maltreatment is naming another individual -must be associated with the name- with unfavorable words for the intent of aching & A ; emotionally wounding. Jenkins ( 1996 ) believes that even menace of physical force is considered physical force ( Jenkins, 1996 ) . WHO determined three types of violent Acts of the Apostless: physical, sexual, and psychological ( WHO, 2005, p.6 ) . Violence and aggression are two inte rconnected constructs extensively studied in nursing literature. Although, they are non the same, nursing literature widely used them interchangeably. In this paper, force and aggression will be used interchangeably. Epidemiology The hazard of being subjected to violence among wellness staff is 16 times higher than in other occupational groups in the service sector ( Kingma, 2001 ) . There is an intensifying dismaying tendency of all signifiers and types of force towards nurses in wellness attention scenes ( Whelan, 2008 ) . Nurses are at the highest rates of nonfatal workplace assault and violent victimization in all wellness attention scenes ( Lanza, Zeiaa, & A ; Rierdan, 2006 ) . There is a considerable difference in the prevalence and incidence of episodes of force in mental wellness scenes, depending on the states in which the surveies were carried out. A study of 4.826 nurses conducted by the American Nurses Association, 17 % reported that they have been physically assaulted, and 57 % reported that they had been abused in the last twelvemonth ( Peek-Asa, et al. , 2009 ) . Besides, merely 20 % reported that they felt safe in their current work environments. Psychiatric nurses are the highest topics of vi olent victimization rates of all types of nurses ( Islam, Edla, Mujuru, Doyle, & A ; Ducatman, 2003 ) . In an analysis of the consequences of the Assaulted Staff Action Programme ( ASAP ) that persists for 15 old ages ; 1.123 mental wellness nurses ( 69.58 % ) were victims of force by patients. They were the topics of physical ( 85.32 % ) , sexual ( 1.18 % ) , gestural bullying ( 1.67 % ) , and ( 6.01 % ) assaults. 46.34 % of injures were soft tissue contusions, 10.16 % were caput and dorsum hurts, 5.76 % were bone/tendon/ligament injures, 12.39 % were unfastened lesions, abrasions, or ptyalizing incidents, 1.8 % were abdominal lesions, and 18.65 % were psychological fear. 36.69 % were mild injures, 31.52 % were moderate, and 14.13 % serious and intense ( Flannery, Farley, Rego, & A ; Walker, 2007 ) . A study in psychiatric establishments in Switzerland reported that 70 % per centum of nurses reported being physically attacked at least one time in their calling ( Needham, et al. , 2 004 ) . A multiregional survey of nursing staff members from acute psychiatric scenes showed that 76 % of the participants reported that they were assaulted at least one time ( Peek-Asa, et al. , 2009 ) . In a survey in Iran, verbal maltreatment was experienced by 87.4 % of nurses during a 6-month period, and physical force by 27.6 % during the same period of clip ( Shogi, Sanjari, Shirazi, Heidari, Salemi, & A ; Mirzabeigi, 2008 ) . The most frequent and most terrible signifiers of verbal maltreatment reported were judging and knocking, impeaching and blaming, and opprobrious choler ( Kisa, 2008 ) . In one Arabic survey, a national cross sectional study was conducted in Kuwait to document the prevalence and determiners of force against nurses in health care installations. 48 % of nurses experient verbal force ; and 7 % merely experienced physical injury over the old six months ( Adib, Al-Shatti, Kamal, El-Gerges, & A ; Al-Raqem, 2002 ) . Another Arabic survey in Bahrain, Hamadeh and co-workers found the mean assault rate on nurses is 4.4 % . ( Hamadeh, Al Alaiwat, Al Ansari, 2003 ) . No similar surveies were conducted in Jordan. However, this high consequences may be an emergent index of the intensifying tendency in Jordan and other Arabic states because of their similar Arabic civilization to Kuwait and Bahrain. Epidemiologic surveies were recommended to carry on to find the incidence and prevalence of this phenomenon in Jordanian wellness attention scenes and particularly in mental 1s. Despite the high prevalence of force Acts of the Apostless toward nurses, merely 20 % of violent incidents are reported by nurses. This is due to staff being accustomed to force ; peer force per unit area non to describe ; differential coverage based on gender of the victim, fright of incrimination ; inordinate paper work ; and incomplete or invalid information on studies completed by individuals non witness to the event ( Crilly, Chaboyer, & A ; Creedy, 2004 ) . This job should besides be addressed in future surveies to look into its causes and to work out it. The Victim Nurses are normally the topics of force victimization. However, Other mental wellness attention professionals such as doctors and physical therapists are besides at a considerable of violent Acts of the Apostless ( Stubbs & A ; Dickens, 2009 ) . This paper addressed nurses merely as topics of victimization from psychiatric and mentally sick patients. Psychiatric patients assaults on nurses victims are a world-wide occupational job. There is singular consistence in victim features over clip ( Flannery, Juliano, Cronin, & A ; Walker, 2006 ) . Work force nurses were exposed to more maltreatment than adult females ( Shagi, et al. , 2008 ) . However, there is an inconsistent determination in the literature placing whether males or females are more violence-prone ( Camerino, Estryn-Behar, Conway, Der Heijden, & A ; Hasselhorn, 2008 ) . The hazard of sing maltreatment was higher in nurses with more occupation experience or who worked more hours ( Shagi et al. ) . On the other manus, a longitudinal cohort survey showed that younger nurses with less occupation experiences are at increased hazard force ( Camerino et al. , 2008 ) . However, exposure to force was non significantly associated with age, gender, continuance of employment in nurses working in kid and adolescent psychiatric units ( Dean, Gibbon, McDermott, Davidson, & A ; Scott, 2010 ) . Having a lower occupation rubric ( air or practical nurse ) , being in closer contact with patients, holding particular personality traits, utilizing drug or intoxicant, describing utmost weariness, may take to higher hazards for aggression and torment at the workplace ( Cooper & A ; Swanson, 2002 ) . Nachreiner et Al, agree with Copper & A ; Swanson on that LPNs an increased hazard for both physical assault and non-physical force compared to RNs ( Nachreiner et al, 2007 ) . Violent incidents are frequently related to the low consciousness of nurses about the equal curative communicating accomplishments in covering with patients ( Cooper & A ; Swanson, 2002 ) . Perceptions & A ; attitudes of nurses on patients ‘ violent incidents in psychiatric scenes are extensively studied in the literature. Psychiatric nurses attitudes are different across states ( Jansen, Middel, Dassen, & A ; Reijneveld, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to some nurses force is perceived as dysfunctional/undesirable. Whereas in others, force is perceived as a functional comprehensible phenomenon ( Abderhalden et al. , 2002 ) . 97 % of participants believed that covering with aggressive behavior was a portion of work in mental wellness inmate unit ( Dean, Gibbon, McDermott, Davidson, & A ; Scott, 2010 ) . In the same survey, 69.7 % of participants believed that the current degree of physical aggression in the ward was unacceptable, whereas merely 12 % study that it was acceptable, and the others reported feelings of uncertainness ( Dean et al, 2010 ) . They rationalize that by recognize that staff with more positive attitudes exhibited lower province anxiousness. There are neg ative attitudes of nursing pupils ‘ to violent incidents, and these attitudes are deteriorated over clip ( Bowers, Alexander, Simpson, Ryan, & A ; Carr-Walker, 2007 ) . The perceptual experience of aggression graduated table ( POAS ) is a freshly developed attitude stock list measuring nurses ‘ attitude toward aggressive patients ( Palmstierna & A ; Barredal, 2006 ) . Consequences of violent incidents on nurses were besides extensively investigated in the literature. Responses to violence encompassed three major classs associating to physical emotional and professional impact ( Dean, et al. , 2010 ) . They found that physical hurts divided to: direct hurts from the violent incidents, hurts while implementing restrictive intercessions, and physical symptoms such as concern and musculus tenseness ( Dean, et al. ) . Major physical hurts were on the caput, the bole, the upper and lower appendages ( Langsrud, Linakker, & A ; Morken, 2007 ) . Ongoing mental weariness, emphasis, daze, weakness, choler, exposure, feelings of being emotionally drained, dying, impaired slumber and concentration were all emotional responses of nurses as a consequence of being violent ( Dean, et al. ) . Nurses besides respond with the undermentioned emotions and behaviors: defeat, desperation, hopelessness, substance maltreatment, absenteeism, revenge and the development of à ¢â‚¬Å" I do non care † attitude ( Bimenyimana, Poggenpoel, Myburgh, & A ; Niekerk, 2009 ) . The consequences of verbal maltreatment or force by patients, frequently result in a terrible psychological impact in nurses ( Inoue, Tsukano, Muraoka, Kaneko, and Okamara, 2006 ) . The most common emotional reaction to force was anger, followed by shame, humiliation and defeat ( Kisa, 2008 ) . The Perpetrator Violence is common among persons come ining mental & A ; substance maltreatment words. Episodes of force on psychiatric wards have been extensively studied, with one of the chief purposes being to place who is more likely to be violent during hospitalization. However, it is hard to find that, because force is a complex behavior links with a assortment of biological, psychopathic, and societal factors. 15-years survey concludes that older male patients with schizophrenic disorder and younger personality-disordered patients are bad attackers ( Flannery, Juliano, Cronin & A ; Walker, 2006 ) . Antisocial personality upset poses a great hazard for force among adult females than work forces ( Yang & A ; Coid, 2007 ) . Anxiety upsets and any personality upset are more terrible among violent adult females ; alcohol dependance and risky imbibing are more terrible among violent work forces ( Yang & A ; Coid ) . In a recent literature, Cornaggia and co-workers found that the psychiatric diagnosing most often associated with aggressive behavior is paranoid schizophrenic disorder. As patients with paranoid schizophrenic disorder retain sufficient ability to program and commit Acts of the Apostless of force related to their psychotic beliefs ( Cornaggia, Beghi, Pavone, & A ; Barale, 2011 ) . Higher degrees of hostility-suspiciousness predict the deterioration of the form of force ( Amore et al. , 2008 ) . Persecutory psychotic beliefs appear to increase hazard of force in some patients ; accompaniment of persecutory psychotic beliefs and emotional hurt may increase the hazard of force ( Bjorkly, 2006 ) . Lower societal category of beginning, piquing behavior in the parental coevals loss of the male parent, a new partnership of the staying parent, turning up in blended households promoted the development of piquing behavior in general ( Stompe, et al. , 2006 ) . Past history of force toward others, & A ; substance maltreatment upsets are risk factors for future force ( Flannery, Julliano, Cronin, & A ; Walker ) . Past history remains the most consistent and stable forecaster of future force ( Amore et al. , 2008 ) . Dual diagnosed patients with substance maltreatment upsets and bipolar sample have more violent Acts of the Apostless ( Grunebaum, et al. , 2006 ) . Black and minority ethnic are more frequently perceived as potentially violent to others ( Vinkers, Vries, Van B aars, & A ; Mulder, 2009 ) . Internalizing symptoms and affectional responsiveness contributed to aggression badness more than impulsivity and demographics ( Kolko, Baumann, Bukstein, & A ; Brown, 2007 ) . Even the month of birth of patients is considered a hazard factor of violent behavior ( Cailhol, et al. , 2009 ) . Repeatedly violent patients had a higher length of residence, a higher figure of old violent behaviors ( Grassi, et al. , 2006 ) . A past history of head hurt with loss of consciousness was more frequent among persistently physically aggressive patients ( Amore, et al. , 2007 ) . Appraisal Many surveies besides discussed high hazard kids in the literature. Aggression appears associated with a broad assortment of normally psychiatric upsets in kids ( Connor & A ; McLaughlin, 2006 ) . Children of bipolar parents are at high hazard of ill will, aggression, force ( Farchione, et al. , 2007 ) . Adolescent behavior upset patients are more likelihood to be violent ( Ilomak, Viilo, Hakko, Marttunen, Makkikyro, & A ; Rasanen, 2006 ) . Children with larning disablements who had a comorbid psychopathology diagnoses reported a significantly higher sum of equal victimization than kids without a cormobid psychiatric disease ( Baumeister, Sterch, & A ; Geffken, 2007 ) . Many other consequences showed consequences opposed to what cognize. Foley and co-workers found that force at presentation with first-episode psychosis is non associated with continuance of untreated psychosis ( Foley, Browne, Clarke, Kinsella, Larkin, & A ; O`Callagham, 2007 ) . No significant grounds support the relation between penetration and force hazard ( Bjorkly, 2006 ) . The Scene The scene of force victimization against the psychiatric nurses by psychiatric and mentally sick patients is the psychiatric scenes. The construction of the scene can arouse the manifestation of force ( Steffgen, 2008 ) . Besides, environmental design have been demonstrated to discourage force ( Wassell, 2009 ) . Inadequate staffing degrees and deficiency of chances for clients to take part in therapy may arouse force behavior ( Sturrock, 2010 ) . The function of uncertainness refering occupation stableness represent a insouciant factor Besides, deficiency of occupation security may do violent behaviour The absence of societal support and colleagues increases the hazard of nurses in this scene to physical and verbal force ( Steffgen ) . The happening of workplace force may do harm to both the person and the establishments. Organizations may confront increased absenteeism, ill leave, belongings harm, decreased public presentation and productiveness, security costs, judicial proceeding , worker ‘s compensation, and increasing turnover rates ( Jackson, Clare, & A ; Mannix, 2002 ) . Prevention Previous nursing literature suggested a figure of schemes that can be considered by nurses to forestall force. There is limited research on effectual intercessions to forestall patient force ( Kling, Yassi, Smailes, Lovato, & A ; Koehoorn, 2010 ) . However, neglecting to accept and implement preventative steps in psychiatric scenes has an impact to cut down force in these scenes ( Wassell, 2009 ) . Improved coverage may be of large benefit of cut downing physical force ( Nolan & A ; Citrome, 2007 ) . This may be occur by early acknowledgment and intercession of potentially happening violent incidents in the hereafter. After carry oning the Violence Prevention Community Meeting ( VPCM ) , a important lessening in patients force were found across twenty-four hours, eventide and dark displacement for pre-treatment vs. intervention and pre-treatment vs. station intervention comparings. VPCM is a semi-structured protocol for the intent of force bar ( Lanza, Rierdan, Forester, & A ; Zeiss, 2009 ) . Early acknowledgment has strong practical deductions for psychiatric nurses by assisting them to help patients with the sensing of early warning marks. Early acknowledgment is pay particular attending to the early societal and interpersonal factors that may deteriorate the patient behavior to violent one ( Fluttert, Meijel, Webster, Nijman, Bartels, & A ; Grypdonck, 2008 ) . Steffgen identified many preventive steps of workplace force such as: steps refering the physical environment, measures refering the direction of the organisations and the behavior of the members in the organisations, policies, reding and developing steps ( Steffgen, 2008 ) . A 6-module plan have been shown to be effectual in cut downing and forestalling violent incidents in a 6-months rating period. The 6 faculties were approximately force hazard appraisal, theoretical theoretical accounts of force, self-asserting preparation, ethical & A ; legal issues of force direction ( Anderson, 2006 ) . Dubin et al identified six gilded recommendations to forestall force incidents in psychiatric exigencies. First, all freshly admitted patients should be assessed for hazard of force ; those who have risk factors should be continually assessed. Second, nurses should avoid measuring and/or handling patients at hazard for force alone or in an stray office. Third, nurses must retrieve that patient ‘s force is a response to feelings of weakness, passiveness, and perceived or existent humiliation ; therefore nurses should avoid going verbally or physically towards them. Fourth, nurses are supposed to utilize non-coercive methods such as de-escalation to forestall escalation of patients ‘ aggression. Fifth, bound scene should ever offer the patient two options with one option being the preferable option. Sixth, an armed patient should non be threatened and the clinician should react in a non-threatening mode offering aid and apprehension. Finally, rating of environment safety sh ould happen sporadically and alterations should be implemented that will heighten safety ( Dubin, Julius, Novitsky, & A ; William, 2009 ) . Appraisal The first measure in mental nursing procedure and one of the most of import responsibilities in psychiatric scenes is assessment. Psychiatric nurses are faced with a great figure of state of affairss in which hazard appraisal are needed. Risk appraisal is a procedure concerned with a assortment of issues aa‚ ¬ † hazard for what, when, where, and to whom-not merely the were â€Å" Prediction † of future force ( Haggard-Grann, 2007 ) . Predicting force has been compared to calculating the conditions. Like a good conditions predictor, the nurse does non province with certainty that an event will happen. Alternatively, he/she estimates the likeliness that a future event will happen. Like conditions prediction, anticipations of future force will non ever be right ( Scott & A ; Resnick, 2006 ) . Three major types of force hazard appraisal are extensively reviewed in the literature. The three types are: ( 1 ) Clinical force hazard appraisal, ( 2 ) Structural hazard appr aisal tools, ( 3 ) Functional appraisal. The figure of hazard appraisal instruments has increased in the recent old ages ( Haggard-Grann ) . Risk appraisal tools should include situational facets, behavioral forms, and predicted events or stressors ( Haggard-Grann ) . The first measure when finding which instrument to utilize for a specific hazard appraisal is to find the intent and context for which the instrument is needed ( Haggard-Grann ) . Decision should be made sing whether the appraisal is for the first clip ( to divide the extremely hazard patients from others ) or for uninterrupted on-going appraisal ( Haggard-Grann ) . If adopted in clinical pattern with a professional manner, these instruments will so help in the appraisal and early acknowledgment of violent incidents. However, they are ineluctable portion in the clinical pattern in psychiatric scenes. ( Haggard-Grann ) . Awareness of the bounds and abilities of such instruments is required. Lurigio and Harris underscored the importance of executing more accurat e appraisal tools that can for illustration determine the approaching type of force, or the likeliness of arms use ( Lurigio & A ; Harris, 2009 ) . A hazard appraisal tool chiefly contains two types of factors: inactive and dynamic. Dynamic factors are of a great importance in a determination context whereas inactive factors are at less importance. Dynamic factors should be assessed on a regular basis in a structured clip agenda ( ex. every 1 hour ) . ( Haggard-Grann ) . Inactive variables are based on intrapersonal factors ( ex. , personal & A ; biological features ) that served as hazards factors for a patient to be potentially violent in the hereafter. ( Haggad-Grann ) . Many violent hazard appraisal tools were developed for the purpose to measure the violent incidents in psychiatric scenes. Sexual Aggression graduated table is an effectual appraisal tool to enter consistently the happening of sexually aggressive behaviors for patients who reside in psychiatric infirmaries. ( Jones, Sheitman, Hazelrigg, Camel, Williams, & A ; Paesler, 2007 ) . It is a brief scale consists of 4 bombers graduated tables with a brief description of them. The Alert System is a system includes a hazard appraisal signifier used by nursing staff to buttocks patients upon admittance to the psychiatric scene in order to place these at an increased hazard of force ( Kling, et Al. , 2010 ) . If identified as at hazard for force, a flag is placed on the patient ‘s chart and wristband to incorporate staff of a patient ‘s potency for force ( Kling et Al ) . The warning is intended to let workers to take safeguards to forestall violent incidents in flagged patients. These safeguards may include: have oning a personal dismay, being near a security personals, non holding crisp objects in the patient ‘s room, and non come ining the patient ‘s room entirely ( Kling et Al ) . Study consequences indicate that the Alert System is effectual in placing potentially violent patients. However, the ultimate end of implementing the Alert System is to cut down the hazard of violent incidents ( Kling et Al ) . Hazard for in-patient force in acute psychiatric intensive unit can be a high grade be predicted by nurses utilizing the Broset force checklist ( Bjorkdahl, Olsson, & A ; Palmstierna, 2006 ) . The BVC is a method to foretell hazard for force from patients within the coming 24 hour in acute psychiatric inmate scenes ( Bjorkdahl, Olsson, & A ; Palmstierna ) . BVC is used to measure the patient three times day-to-day: in the forenoon, midday, and dark displacements ( Bjorkdahl, Olsson, & A ; Palmstierna ) . The BVC buttocks absence or presence of six behaviors: confusion, boisterousness, crossness, verbally, endangering, physically endangering and assailing object ( Bjorkdahl, Olsson, & A ; Palmstierna ) . The HCR-20 is a structured professional checklist designed for the appraisal of hazard hereafter force in patients with violent history / or a major mental upset or personality upsets. ( De Vogel & A ; De Ruter, 2006 ) . The HCR-20 consists of 20 points, divided into three subscales: historical graduated table, clinical graduated table, and hazard direction graduated table. The prognostic cogency of the HCR-20 was good ( De Vogel & A ; De Ruiter ) . The Forensic Early Warning Signs of Aggression Inventory ( FESA ) was developed to help nurses and patients in placing and supervising early warning marks of aggression in forensic patients ( Fluttert, Meijel, Leeuwen, Bjorkly, Nijman, & A ; Grypdonck, 2011 ) . The Maudsley Violence Questionnaire contains 56-items step a figure of knowledge ( including: beliefs, regulations, deformations and ascriptions ) that are related to force ( Warnock-Parkes, Gudjonsson, & A ; Walker, 2007 ) . The Psychopathy Checklist ( PCL ) is a clinical evaluation graduated table designed to mensurate psychopathologic properties in mentally sick patients, Patients who score higher have higher rates of violent recidivism ( Scott & A ; Resnick, 2006 ) . The PCL uses a semi-structured interview, case-history information, and specific standards to rate each of 20 points on a three- point graduated table ( 0, 1, 2 ) . ( Scott & A ; Resnick ) . Entire tonss ( runing from 0 to 40 ) reflect an estimation of the grade to which the patient lucifers psychopathy ( Scott & A ; Resnick ) . The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide ( VRAG ) is a hazard appraisal instrument of 12 points. It is likely the most well-known assessment instrument aimed to measure dangerousness in bad mentally sick patients. It is used to measure the force hazard in psychiatric and other wellness scenes ( Scott & A ; Resnick, 2006 ) . It is constructed by taking variables known to foretell violent behavior among work forces with mental upsets who have records of old violent behavior so sum uping the variables into one strategy ( Haggard-Grann, 2007 ) . Synergistic Classification Tree is a recent tool for measuring the force hazard of patients discharged from psychiatric installations ( Scott & A ; Resnick, 2006 ) . This tool utilizes a sequence of inquiries related to hazard factors for possible force ( Scott & A ; Resnick ) . Harmonizing to the replies, another related inquiry is posed, until the platinum is classified into a class of high or low hazard of future force ( Scott & A ; Resnick ) . Structured hazard appraisal tools have built-in restriction when used entirely. Criticisms of instruments include the undermentioned: they provide lone estimates of hazards ; their usage is non generalizable beyond the studied populations: they are stiff, and they fail to inform force bar & A ; hazard direction ( Scott & A ; Resnick, 2006 ) . Functional appraisal attacks seek to clear up the factors responsible for the development, look and care of job behavior. This is achieved through appraisal of the behavior of involvement, the person ‘s predisposing features, and the antecedent events, considered of import for the induction of the behavior, and the effects of the behavior, which maintain and direct its developmental class ( Daffern, Howells, & A ; Ogloff, 2007 ) . They identify 9 common maps of violent behavior in psychiatric scenes in the literature: demand turning away, to coerce conformity, to show choler, to cut down tenseness, to obtain tangibles, societal distance decrease ( attending seeking ) , to heighten position or societal blessing, conformity with direction, to detect agony ( Daffern, Howells, & A ; Ogloff ) . Functional appraisal have many deductions for the anticipation and bar of inpatient force and for the intervention of violent patients. The differentiation of functional appraisal attacks and structured appraisal tools is that the first stress the right categorization of the signifier of a peculiar behavior and the other one emphasize the intent of the behavior ( Daffern, Howells, & A ; Ogloff ) . The clinical hazard appraisal method is the oldest method of force hazard appraisal. It is the classical method of anticipating, foretelling, and assessing of hazard. This means that the nurse gathers the information that he or she believes to be utile and on the footing of that information makes a judgement of the hazard ( Haggad-Grann, 2007 ) . Unfortunately, this method can non foretell future force with high truth. The truth of a clinician ‘s appraisal of future force is related to many factors, including the fortunes of the rating and the length of clip over which force is predicted ( Scott & A ; Resnick, 2006 ) . It is the most common method of measuring force hazard in psychiatric scenes in Jordan although it is non used so much over the universe. Management Many direction methods of force were reported in the literature. Three major direction methods were extensively reviewed in the literature: ( 1 ) Training programmes, ( 2 ) Coercive methods, and ( 3 ) De-escalation techniques. Nurses believed that preparation in breaking away techniques, increasing the figure of trained security officers on responsibility, publishing personal dismaies, and encouraging staff to officially describe all incidents, are the best ways to pull off force in psychiatric scenes ( Erkol, Gokdogan, Erkol, & A ; Boz, 2007 ) . Previous researches suggest that staff attitudes to patient force affect usage, or pick of method ( Bowers, Alexander, Simpson, Ryan, & A ; Carr-Walker, 2007 ) . It is of import that nurses have the cognition and accomplishments to be able to pull off force suitably. Many different developing programmes have been discussed in the literature. There is much variableness among surveies on the types and effectivity of preparation, and there is no unequivocal grounds that developing cut down hurt among wellness attention workers ( Wassell, 2009 ) . Good communicating among nursing staff, and between staff and clients, is critical to better the direction of aggressive behavior ( Sturrock, 2010 ) . Chandler- Oatts and Nestrop recommend listening to the voices of mental wellness service users to develop guideline recommendations on pull offing violent behaviors ( Chandler-Oatts & A ; Nestrop, 2008 ) . Anger direction programmes were effectual to advance anger look and direction in psychiatric patients ( Son & A ; Choi, 2010 ) . Aggression Control Therapy ( ACT ) , a intervention programme developed in the Netherlands for violent psychiatric patients with behavior upsets or antisocial personality upset. Consequences suggested that ACT diminished aggressive behavior ( Hornsveld, Nijman, & A ; Kraaimaat, 2008 ) . Firearm hurt bar preparation should be proposed in order to assist bar piece self-destructions and homicides among the mentally sick ( Khubchandani, Wiblishauser, Price, & A ; Thompson, 2010 ) . Training in the acknowledgment and direction of violent and aggressive behavior would be a good add-on to the course of study of nursing programmes ( Nau, Dassen, Needham, & A ; Halfens, 2009 ) . Aggression direction preparation is able to better nursing pupil ‘s public presentation in de-escalating aggressive behavior ( Nau, Dassen, Needham, & A ; Halfens ) . Giving nursing pupil ‘s cognition about force and related subjects and developing them on physical and verbal accomplishments lead to extremely important enhanced assurance in pull offing force ( Nau, Dassen, Halfens, & A ; Needham, 2007 ) . De-escalation is a bar of extremely aroused patients from going violent by agencies of verbal and gestural communicating ( Paterson, Turnbull, & A ; Aitken, 1992 ) . Nurses need to cognize how to de-escalate the state of affairss of force. The De-escalating Aggressive Behaviour Scale ( DABS ) can observe alterations in de-escalation public presentation degrees ( Nau, Dassen, Needham, & A ; Halfens, 2009 ) . De-escalation involves a figure of different techniques. Affect direction for illustration involves three basic stairss: foremost, admiting the patient ‘s affect ; secondly, formalizing the affect when appropriate ; and eventually, promoting the patient to speak about his or her feelings. ( Dubin, Julius, Novitsky, & A ; William, 2009 ) . Active listening techniques such as paraphrasing are used in de-escalation to assist clinician convey apprehension of patient ‘s experience ( Dubin, Julius, Novitsky, & A ; William ) . Massage therapy has immediate good effects on anx iousness related steps and may be a utile de-escalating tool for cut downing emphasis, anxiousness and possible force in acutely hospitalized psychiatric patients ( Garner, et al. , 2008 ) . Comfort suites are suites constructed in acute psychiatric units. They designed with comfy furniture, comforting colorss, soft lightening, and quiet music to assist cut down patient`s degrees of emphasis ( Cummings, Grandfield, & A ; Coldwell, 2010 ) . Coercive methods include mainly privacy and restraints. Restraints are any manual method, physical or mechanical device, stuff, or equipment that immobilizes or reduces the ability of a patient to travel his or her weaponries, legs, organic structure, or caput freely ; or a drug or medicine ( Paterson, Turnbull, & A ; Aitken, 1992 ) . There was greater blessing of coercive methods in direction of force by male nurses than female nurses. Male nurses are more likely to see containment methods acceptable and dignified ( Muir-Cochrane, Bowers, & A ; Jeffery, 2008 ) . Greater consideration should be given to cultural and gender issues in restraint incidents ( Sturrock, 2010 ) . Training in restraint techniques and how to avoid the usage of restraint is indispensable in nursing pattern ( Sturrock, 2010 ) . However, Bjorkdahl and co-workers found an increased rate of coercive intercessions without a corresponding addition in staff hurts after a 2 twelvemonth force bar intercession a psychiatric intensive attention unit. The intercession aimed to better nursing attention by turn toing patient force from multiple positions ( Bjorkdahl, Heilig, Palmstierna, & A ; Hansebo, 2007 ) . Privacy is defined as physical parturiency of a patient entirely in a room for the protection of others from serious injury ( Davison, 2005 ) . Privacy is used as a regular footing in response to a scope of different signifiers of violent behavior of different signifiers ( Thomas, Daffern, Martin, Ogloff, Thomson, & A ; Ferguson, 2009 ) . Privacy is considered a curative step for nurses working in psychiatric scenes ( Larue, Dumais, Ahern, Bernheim, & A ; Mailhot, 2009 ) . However, Davison asserts that privacy must ne'er used as a portion of a intervention program of violent patients, and it must utilize merely as a last resort ( Davison ) . If de-escalation techniques are failed, the violent patient may necessitate to be placed in privacy ( Dickinson, Ramsdale, & A ; Speight, 2009 ) . Many jobs may ensue from utilizing coercive methods such as act uponing patients` determination to seek out professional mental wellness services. ( Prospero & A ; Kim, 2009 ) . Besides, they suggest that coercion has a differential negative consequence on victims from minority groups. ( Prospero & A ; Kim ) . Furthermore, memories of violent events, including childhood maltreatment and colza, were reawakened by their experiences of restraints and privacy ( Sturrock, 2010 ) . Recommendations The followerss are recommendations for pattern, research, and policy have been established from the literature: Psychiatric and mental wellness nurses must be cognizant of the being of violent behaviors against them in their clinical scenes. They have to cognize that this behavior is ineluctable portion in their work. So, they have to be well-prepared to cover with such state of affairss. Psychiatric and mental wellness nurses must be cognizant of the differences of many types and signifiers of violent Acts of the Apostless. Besides, future nursing surveies should distinguish between these types and signifiers. Nurses must be cognizant of the intensifying tendency of violent behaviors in their clinical scenes. Surveies and epidemiological surveies should carry on on Jordan to find the prevalence of this job in Jordanian wellness attention scenes. High hazardous nurses of patients ‘ force should place themselves harmonizing to the literature. If they are known to be hazardous, particular considerations should be taken by them and their establishments where they are work to guarantee the optimum safety of them. Negative, false perceptual experiences and attitudes of nurses to violent patients and violent incidents should be addressed with more inside informations in the nursing literature. The job of countertransference should be addressed by developing programmes or awareness Sessionss conducted by the establishments in the attempt to extinguish these negative feelings and attitudes or at least cut down it. Lending factors of nurses ‘ perceptual experiences and attitudes should besides be considered by farther surveies. Negative effects of violent incidents on nurses should besides be addressed and studied more in nursing literature. Although, it is extensively investigated in the literature, the literature did non suggest assuring methods to cut down theses negative effects. Undergraduate and alumnus nursing pupils ‘ exposure to force in their clinical preparation should be discussed in more inside informations in future nursing literature. Their perceptual experiences, attitudes, feelings, and emotions towards violent experiences should be investigated more. Health establishment should develop policies, addition available nursing staff, addition security forces to guarantee the optimal safety for nursing pupil trainee. Psychiatric and mental wellness nurses should place and acknowledge the high hazardous culprits ( patients ) harmonizing to the literature. For that cause, they should be updated with the latest findings in this field. Nurses should non besides neglect the interpersonal and environmental factors for triping the violent incidents. Violent kids and repeatedly violent patients are two particular populations should be paid more attending from the nursing literature. Nursing literature should turn to specific intercessions force in these two particular populations. Underreporting of force in psychiatric scenes is a major job. Nurses should be encouraged to describe incidents of force. High hazardous establishments and scenes have to be cognizant of the intensifying tendency of violent Acts of the Apostless. They have to be well-prepared for this. They should follow policies, developing programmes for their staff, and other suited step to confront this challenging job. An ounce of bar is worth a lb of attention. This adage besides applicable in the force. So, establishments should follow a successful bar steps to forestall this malignancy to travel frontward. Nurses should follow an attack incorporating the three major types of appraisal in their appraisal procedure. Clinical hazard appraisal, structured hazard appraisal tools, and fictional appraisal. Such an attack, may cover shortages in any individual method of appraisal. Structured hazard appraisal tools should be carefully and sagely. Nurses should be cognizant the bounds and abilities of such instruments to take the best on the footing of context. Psychiatric wellness attention establishments should develop its nursing staff on de-escalation techniques, breakaway techniques, and coercive methods. Psychiatric and mental wellness nurses should utilize the least restricts method when covering with violent patients. Further surveies should be conducted to suggest more successful de-escalation techniques and to happen new options of coercive methods. Decision The lifting rate of force against nurses in wellness attention scenes in Jordan motives the writer to compose this commentary paper. The purpose of this paper is to supply a general apprehension of the whole image of force against nurses in psychiatric scenes. First, methods of seeking the literature were described. Then, Definitions of many types and signifiers of force were provided. Besides, related constructs were described and differentiated from the construct â€Å" force † . However, â€Å" force † and â€Å" aggression † are two footings used interchangeably in this paper. Recent epidemiology surveies were reviewed to reflect on the high incidence and prevalence of force in psychiatric scenes over the universe. The paper design compared the â€Å" force † with the â€Å" offense † . The culprit of this offense is the psychiatric or mentally sick patient, while the victim is the psychiatric/mental wellness nurse. The scene where the offense occurred is the psychiatric scene. This paper identified who is more likely to be the victim of violent Acts of the Apostless in psychiatric scenes, perceptual experiences and attitudes of nurses on patients ‘ violent incidents, and effects of such incidents on the nurses. This paper besides identified who is more likely to be the culprit of violent Acts of the Apostless harmonizing to the literature. Repeatedly violent patients and high hazard kids were besides included. The high hazard psychiatric scenes were described as the sludge of violent incidents. Prevention of violent incidents by many new methods was besides addressed. Appraisal of violent incidents is besides addressed in its three major types: the clinical hazard appraisal, the structured hazard appraisal tools, and the functional appraisal. Most well-known structured hazard appraisal tools were besides overviewed. Finally, direction of force incidents one time occurred is besides reviewed. Three major direction methods were included: ( 1 ) Training plans, ( 2 ) Coercive methods: privacy and restraints, and ( 3 ) De-escalation techniques.

Acct 301 Homework – Chapter 9

Chapter 9: E9-6, E9-11, P9-1A, P9-5A E9-6 SY Telc has recently started the manufacture of RecRobo, a three-wheeled robot that can scan a home for fires and gas leaks and then transmit this information to a mobile phone. The cost structure to manufacture 20,000 RecRobo’s is as follows. |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost  Ã‚  Ã‚   | Direct materials ($40 per robot)| $  800,000| Direct labor ($30 per robot)|   Ã‚  600,000| Variable overhead ($6 per robot)|   Ã‚  120,000| Allocated fixed overhead ($25 per robot)|   Ã‚  500,000 | Total| $2,020,000 | SY Telc is approached by Chen Inc. which offers to make RecRobo for $90 per unit or $1,800,000. Instructions (a) Using incremental analysis, determine whether SY Telc should accept this offer under each of the following independent assumptions. * (1) Assume that $300,000 of the fixed overhead cost can be reduced (avoided). * (2) Assume that none of the fixed overhead can be reduced (avoided). However, if the robots are purchased from Chen Inc . , SY Telc can use the released productive resources to generate additional income of $300,000. * (b) Describe the qualitative factors that might affect the decision to purchase the robots from an outside supplier. E9-11 Twyla Enterprises uses a computer to handle its sales invoices.Lately, business has been so good that it takes an extra 3 hours per night, plus every third Saturday, to keep up with the volume of sales invoices. Management is considering updating its computer with a faster model that would eliminate all of the overtime processing. | Current Machine | New Machine | Original purchase cost| $15,000| $25,000| Accumulated depreciation| $  6,000| —| Estimated annual operating costs| $24,000| $18,000| Useful life|   5 years|   5 years| If sold now, the current machine would have a salvage value of $5,000. If operated for the remainder of its useful life, the current machine would have zero salvage value.The new machine is expected to have zero salvage value a fter five years. Instructions Should the current machine be replaced? P9-1A Pro Sports Inc. manufactures basketballs for the National Basketball Association (NBA). For the first 6 months of 2008, the company reported the following operating results while operating at 90% of plant capacity and producing 112,500 units. |   Ã‚  Amount  Ã‚   | Sales| $4,500,000| Cost of goods sold|   3,600,000| Selling and administrative expenses|   Ã‚  450,000 | Net income| $  Ã‚  450,000 | Fixed costs for the period were: cost of goods sold $1,080,000, and selling and administrative expenses $225,000.In July, normally a slack manufacturing month, Pro Sports receives a special order for 10,000 basketballs at $28 each from the Italian Basketball Association (IBA). Acceptance of the order would increase variable selling and administrative expenses $0. 50 per unit because of shipping costs but would not increase fixed costs and expenses. Instructions * (a) Prepare an incremental analysis for the special order. * (b) Should Pro Sports Inc. accept the special order? Explain your answer. * (c) What is the minimum selling price on the special order to produce net income of $4. 10 per ball? (d) What nonfinancial factors should management consider in making its decision? P9-5A Lewis Manufacturing Company has four operating divisions. During the first quarter of 2008, the company reported aggregate income from operations of $176,000 and the following divisional results. | Division| |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   |   Ã‚  Ã‚  II  Ã‚  Ã‚   |   Ã‚  III  Ã‚   |   Ã‚  IV  Ã‚   | Sales| $250,000| $200,000| $500,000| $400,000| Cost of goods sold|   200,000|   189,000|   300,000|   250,000| Selling and administrative expenses|   Ã‚  65,000 |   Ã‚  60,000 |   Ã‚  60,000 |   Ã‚  50,000 | Income (loss) from operations| $(15,000) | $(49,000) | $140,000 | $100,000 |Analysis reveals the following percentages of variable costs in each division. |   I   |    II   |   III   |   IV   | Cost of goods sold| 70%| 90%| 80%| 75%| Selling and administrative expenses| 40  | 70  | 50  | 60  | Discontinuance of any division would save 50% of the fixed costs and expenses for that division. Top management is very concerned about the unprofitable divisions (I and II). Consensus is that one or both of the divisions should be discontinued. Instructions * (a) Compute the contribution margin for Divisions I and II. (a) I $84,000 (b) Prepare an incremental analysis concerning the possible discontinuance of (1) Division I and (2) Division II. What course of action do you recommend for each division? * (c) Prepare a columnar condensed income statement for Lewis Manufacturing, assuming Division II is eliminated. Use the CVP format. Division II’s unavoidable fixed costs are allocated equally to the continuing divisions. (c) Income III $133,850 * (d) Reconcile the total income from operations ($176,000) with the total income from opera tions without Division II.

The Downsizing of Unions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Downsizing of Unions - Research Paper Example    This paper illustrates that management theorists contend that downsizing is an act, which reduces the size of the  firm with respect to job opportunities or possession with a goal of performance improvement. Critics supporting the process of downsizing argue that it is a means of improving organization competitiveness and effectiveness. The ever-changing economic situations have necessitated various organizations reorganize the models of operation in order to fit in the new environment. Many critics contend that downsizing and other structural reforms are options taken to avert the challenges of the ever-changing economic situation. The process of downsizing differs from other structural changes that organizations take because of the following reasons; first, the decision is deliberate and second, it intends to improve cost-effectiveness. However, critics have argued that layoffs may result into disposal of human resource who posses crucial skills thereby leading to disruption of o rganization memory. This means that the survivors of the downsizing will also suffer along-side the employees who have lost their job opportunities. Research on organization reforms has demonstrated that consequences of the organization restructuring may increase the uncertainty of the employees. It is probable that the above case can apply in union downsizing. During union downsizing job insecurity appears to be a stressor that would not only haunt employees who constitute the union but also the effectiveness of the union. The fear projected whenever unions think of downsizing is the continuity in the unstable situations. Research indicate that downsizing often generate a negative influence on employees who are members of the union. These influences are evident through the morale of employees to address their grievances or champion for change within their organizations. The insecurity of jobs is another concern that often features whenever the concept of downsizing of unions featur es. Job insecurity has consequences that transcend various facets of life i.e. from work association to individual’s health. Thus, the challenge that the concept of downsizing creates to the union might pose similar challenges as observed in organization downsizing. Although some critics argue that market trends may influence the operation of an organization into adopting downsizing as a structural reform, trade unions mandate differs from organizations, which offer job opportunities to employees. Downsizing in organizations lead to accelerated workloads. It reduces the number of employees while retaining the same functions discharged by the dislodged employees. This exposes the employees to strenuous activities, which might reduce their morale. Arguing on this assumption union downsizing would create a situation where union members fail to cast there faith on union ability to advocate for the workers. However, some critics oppose this view by arguing that union could be larg e but might fail to deliver its services to the employees. In such cases, downsizing of the union would be an option that aims at strengthening its mandate.

Australian Health Care System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Australian Health Care System - Essay Example Proper health care is essential because one can never be sure of the physical and psychological trauma the immigrant or refugee has endured. Compounding the problem is the language problem in case the immigrant is unable to converse in English. There is the need to engage doctors, nurses and other health service workers who understand the immigrants' languages. Australia is a multicultural society. The land is open to receive skilled workers. There is also a blossoming tourist industry. People emigrating from as far as Sudan also reach Australia to make life for themselves. It is necessary to provide primary health care for recently arrived immigrant groups. Many of these people come from countries that have different models of health care compared to Australia. For some, the concept of private insurance or universal insurance is difficult to understand. These clients of local community centre may not have private health insurance and need to access public health services. It is important to bear in mind that many of these people are highly skilled in their sphere of work. They are capable of integrating with the rest of the population in Australia and making a good life for themselves once their health issues are addressed. We are concerned with health issues of immigrants and refugees who are vulnerable to poor health and have ... There is the issue of culture shock these immigrants may undergo. Addressing their health care will also ensure that they settle down quickly to their new way of life in Australia. Primary Health Care We are concerned with health issues of immigrants and refugees who are vulnerable to poor health and have different and complex health backgrounds as compared to the broader Australian community. Some of them come from very difficult situations and it is unsure if they are getting their health needs met post-immigration in Australia. Basic health issues such as vaccination coverage that health care providers might take for granted as having been attended are known to be major areas of deficiency in refugee populations. There are other factors that contribute to difficulties with accessing appropriate and comprehensive care. These include difficulties with language and literacy, lack of familiarity with health care system, lack of awareness of refugee health issues as well as the fragmented nature of current health care delivery for refugee population. These immigrants need to be vaccinated appropriately and it is not known if they are getting it. It is also not known if they are getting adequate and comprehensive health care. More research is needed to track them down and find out if they are diligently seeking and receiving the health care necessary in the initial stages of their stay in Australia. If they are not receiving the needed health care, it is necessary to find out the reasons why they are not receiving it. Normally, a yellow fever vaccination certificate is required from travelers over one year of age within six days of having stayed in Australia. The purpose of these measures is to

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 238

Assignment Example Eating healthy and taking regular exercises is basic in this aspect (Melkus, 2006). However, these alone can never help in the regulation of diabetes and therefore, requires the use of medications in addition to the healthy eating and regular exercise. For Dr. Pepper’s case, the most effective drug will be tradjenta. Tradjenta works by preventing the degradation of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (Drum and Zierenberg, 2006), which are core in managing diabetes. The drug is taken orally and works in increasing concentrations of active incretin and hence plays a substantive role in the reduction of glucagon in secretion. Some effects of tradjenta include instances of adverse reactions, which include nasopharyngitis especially for a patient such as Dr. Pepper who has renal impairment (Burant, 2008). This indeed calls for the use of an alternative treatment options. For effective treatment of diabetes by the use of tradjenta, is mostly exercising and good diet as indicated above. However, there are certain drugs that can be used mainly as inhibitors. These include meglitinides and

A Gambling Addict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Gambling Addict - Essay Example Ultimately, it invades, undermines and often destroys everything that is meaningful id a person’s life. This paper will seek to address the social concern that gambling addicts present to their livelihood and to those close to him as well as the steps that most often result to one being a compulsive gambler. Moreover, this paper will endeavour to correct popular myths and misconceptions which have been associated with gambling. In pursuance of this, it trails the life of Harry, a responsible family man who at first was an occasional gambler and together with his wife engaged in gambling for fun. however, after a couple of wins and exposure to several predisposing factors ended being a compulsive gambler and in the process causing a lot of pain to his family but subsequently being able to overcome the ugly addiction that gambling can turn out into being. Harry was a normal plain John, newly wed to his longtime girlfriend a few months now passed. He worked with behaviorally impa ired adolescent boys. In this field, the support staff was dominated by males who usually had a background that included at some level, participation in competitive sports. Such men were supposedly more equipped to deal with the rough nature of clients involved. It was in this world that he was first introduced to the world of sports gambling. The circumstances were that a colleague would pick up a bookie sheet (a form containing a list of all the available games that could be bet on during a particular day) and bring it to work. Initially, he only looked at college and professional football that were played on the weekends. This, however, did not produce the winnings he imagined. His gambling eventually became a daily, if not a twice daily habit. A Popular belief is that gambling is a choice and therefore a result of a lack of willpower, on the contrary, gambling is a disease like any other and it can affect anyone, even those with strong moral character. In the beginning, Harry pa rticipated with his wife in the ‘fun’ of gambling. The very occasional wins were encouraging and euphoric. As he began to delve deeper into the gambling and more loses, however, as an occasional gambler would do, she got bored of the loses and began to see less pleasure in the hobby and ceased gambling all the same. In fact, she encouraged Harry to get out of the practice. But then the compulsion was too great for him, while she quit, Harry’s compulsion could not allow him. He was growing into a compulsive gambler, no longer being the one making the decision but the impulse of gambling. He began to spend a large portion of his salary on gambling, and this created a strain on the marriage. His wife was a certified teacher and made a considerable amount of money working with students who were emotionally and behaviorally impaired in a private educational setting. In one year, according to their tax returns, they earned nearly $60,000, nevertheless, they had to file for bankruptcy on several occasions. The bank account could not keep up with the mounting losses. This caused a strain in their financial lives and affected their relationship more and more. This was against the widely believed perception that addiction was a victimless activity, as on the contrary, the negative effects of the gambling problem trickle down to the immediate family of the addict and to those dear to him. Harry’s ambition in life became the same as other compulsive gamblers, to get his money back. He always believed that he was going to win big. Be persistent- that was his thought pattern. He was now in the second step in the evolution of gambling addiction, that’s the, losing phase. Harry was losing money and he was trying to recoup his loses by

Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Business Management - Essay Example These new people in the organization always bring in something that they give to the organization as well as learning from the organization at the same time. In today’s modern world technical skills have gained more importance and so has the need for the understanding of the behavior of these people (Kreitner, 2009). A study of organizations which encompasses different viewpoints and is based on multiple levels of analysis is termed as Organizational Behavior. The study involves the behavior of the people in the working environment (Schein, 2004). The importance of organizational behavior is seen in an organizations development. Organizational behavior is used to increase the performance of an organization wholly and individually. The role of organizational behavior is very important these days, many different types of people with varied ethnic backgrounds and cultures work together and hence its importance and popularity is increasing in the business community (Harris, 2001). It covers other fields like sociology, psychology, management and effective communication. Moreover organizational Behavior helps in the improvement of how the company can elevate its performance as well as the individuals that are working in it. Organizational Behavior covers topics like diversity of cultures, team intera ctions, and design of organization, influence, leadership and power. Organizational Behavior is all about the ability to manage as well as lead thereby increasing the output of the organization (Kreitner, 2009). The purpose of Organizational Behavior is to find out the factors that affect the company’s performance and the individuals that work in an organization are studied so as to find out the shortfalls in them that lead to the company’s downfall. The study is used to find out the factors that will increase organizations effectiveness

Knowledge required for decision making in Adult Nursing Essay

Knowledge required for decision making in Adult Nursing - Essay Example Gill is a 50-year-old insulin dependant Diabetic. She was admitted to the ward via Acute Medical Assessment Unit (AMAU). Gill was found on the floor after a fall, feeling drowsy, vague and confused and complaining ÃŽ ¿f abdo pain. After nursing hand-over, a multi-disciplinary team embarked on a strategy to assess, monitor and resolve Gills issues. Multi-disciplinary working is encouraged within the NHS Plan (2000) and is concerned with professional healthcare providers working together for the well-being ÃŽ ¿f the patient. (Castledine 1996) Gill was then admitted to the ward where a full nursing assessment took place and from here a plan ÃŽ ¿f care was prescribed and implemented. Further information was obtained from previous medical records. This revealed in 1998 Gill had a cerebral vascular accident (CVA) and recovered well. She was also diagnosed with alcohol liver disease (ALD) in April 2000 and diabetes 15 years ago. Gills observations on admission where taken so to provide a basis for any later comparisons. Her blood sugar glucose reading was 32.4 millimols per litre. The normal reading should be between 4-7 mmol/l before meals rising to no higher than 10 mmol/l two hours after meals (http://www.diabetes.org.uk/) A ward test urine was taken which showed glucose and protein were present. 1.Maintaining a safe environment - Gill had a nurse call bell and a patient identification wrist band. She was shown around the ward but increasing confusion and previous falls made it a priority to monitor Gill closely. 11. Eating and drinking - Gill explained that she drinks a lot ÃŽ ¿f tea and cola throughout they day but is often left still trying to quench her thirst, her favourite foods are chocolate and sweets. She tries to eat regular meals but often has little appetite. After the identification ÃŽ ¿f issues a plan ÃŽ ¿f care was documented. This is a

An internet based company research project for my Business management Essay

An internet based company research project for my Business management class - Essay Example The conclusion section summarizes the main ideas presented in the paper, and makes inferences where appropriate. Highlights of the paper include: a background of the company; its nature, mission and products, a description of the current financial standing; earnings or losses of the company, an overview of the problems and issues the company was subjected to, an investigation of the companys current and future business strategies, a summary and conclusions. Johnson & Johnson was established in 1886 in the New Jersey State. The company is very committed to innovative healthcare products (Johnson & Johnson, 2009). This has greatly contributed to the company’s consistent financial performance. Johnson & Johnson has enjoyed dividend increases for 47 consecutive years, adjusted earning increases for 25 consecutive years and sales increases for 76 consecutive years. Johnson & Johnson employs about 119,000 across the world and is involved in manufacturing and selling of healthcare products in a number of countries across the world. The company’s main interest, both currently and historically, is in products that are related to well-being and health (Johnson & Johnson, 2009). Johnson & Johnson strongly believes decentralized management principles, which it practices. The company’s executive committee is its principal management group, which ensures effective and efficient operations of the company. Furthermore, a number of members of the Executive Committee are also Group Operating Committee chairpersons. This committee comprises of management experts in a number of specialized functions and managers representing main operations within this group. The Committees are charged with the responsibility of overseeing and coordinating both international and domestic activities related to every Professional, Pharmaceutical and Consumer segments of

Arabic petrol Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arabic petrol - Research Paper Example The first aspect is the economic development that took place during this particular time. Three major economic development are attributable to the discovery of oil in the Arab Gulf (Cleveland, & Bunton, 2013). Key among these three economic development occurred immediately after the oil discovery and happened between the year 1930s and 1960s. It is vital to point that this region was among the poorest across the globe prior to the discovery of its oil. Thus, for the first time after the discovery, there was building of the basic infrastructure and improvement in the standards of living. It prompted the growth and development of urban centers in most parts of the region. These developments presented a number of business opportunities for most states within the region. Many countries developed the interest to engage the region in business activities. The rapid growth and infrastructural development provided the leaders the means to make a profound economic transformation (Cleveland, & Bunton, 2013). Additionally, it gave them the power to control their country and its citizens. Socially, for the first time the region had a say on issues regarding international ties and economic development. As mentioned the discovery improved the standard living of the residents of this region and strengthened the social fabric. Hence, this was a major social development. Another economic and social development that happened after the oil discovery was due to the changes in the oil price. This occurred between the year of 1973 and 1974. There was a gold-rush atmosphere because of the income, which was tripling. The region directed much of its spending on infrastructural projects, as well as other social developments. The result was an emergence of a new generation of citizens with a good education (Cleveland, & Bunton, 2013). The number of professionals increased, which paved ways for more job opportunities. For instance, the number of teachers who could take up the

Nick Djokovic Essay Example for Free

Nick Djokovic Essay In today’s world, there are many sport figures one can look up to. We have chosen the best of the best in the tennis world, Novak Djokovic. Djokovic is a Serbian professional tennis player who is currently ranked world number 1 by the Association of Tennis Professionals. Despite being the underdog during his early years as a professional tennis player, he is now the best professional tennis player overtaking the previous king of tennis Rafael Nadal. Ever since the age of four, he has been interested in tennis. Unlike most children his age, it was not a fleeting interest. He was determined to achieve his dream of becoming the best tennis player in the world. With his steadfast dream, he has won six Grand Slam titles and has brought him to where he is now. This report will cover Djokovic’s personality, values and attitude, motivation and leadership skills that had helped him to achieve his dream. The points highlighted are also the main reason he is worth following as an influential leader. 2.0 Personality The big five model of personality consists of extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to experience. Djokovic can be seen as a person that is highly extrovert as he is fun-loving, expressive and sociable. During his comeback as the winner in the Australian Open, he was so overjoyed that he threw his racket, wristbands and his shirt to his fans (AOL News, 2011). Djokovic is also socially attached to his fans that he created an application known as ‘Nole4You’ that focuses on a direct coverage of Djokovic’s real time games (New Newsworthy, 2012a). On the other hand, Djokovic is low on the neurotism category as he is much balanced and emotionally stable. According to Suttles (2013), Djokovic was â€Å"gracious in defeat† as every defeat he channels it back into better concentration for the next match. Next, Djokovic is rather high on the agreeableness meter as he shows a great deal of care towards others through his charities. Djokovic created the Novak Djokovic Foundation which supports young children from disadvantaged communities especially in native Serbia (New Newsworthy, 2012b). Besides that, he was also elected as the ambassador of The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in Serbia as he was utterly concern in the welfare of the people in his hometown as well as the importance in early childhood education in Native Serbia (Look To The Stars, 2011). He was also keen in participating in fights for the betterment of society such as the fight against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) which required him to use the Head Red special edition bag collection from Head to the French Open Grand Slam (Look To The Stars, 2013a). Djokovic is also high in conscientiousness as he is responsible for his career and he is well organized after his achievement in the Australian Open. Although being reckless in his previous season, he is where he is now due to his hard work in perfecting his service techniques and getting his diet right (Carter, 2011). According to Djokovic in an interview, he wants to be consistent in his games and to do this, he has to stay fit and take care of his health and physical condition (The National, 2011). Lastly, Djokovic is very open to new experience. One afternoon in year 2010, Djokovic received a phone call from Dr. Igor Cetojevic who said that his fatigue in the 2010 Aussie Open was due to his diet that consists of glutens that caused an accumulation of toxins in his large intestines. Djokovic listened to his advice to practice a gluten-free diet as well as to build him up spiritually. Besides that, Djokovic also took risk to change his serve technique as advised by Marian Vajda. As a result of Djokovic’s openness, he no longer suffers from fatigues and he felt much happier and balanced. In addition, a change in his serve technique enabled him to defeat the former world number one five times consecutively and brought him to the top of the tennis world (Saslow, 2012). 3.0 Values and Attitude As a well-known figure in the world of tennis, Djokovic has certain values that enable him to enjoy the success that he has today. According to George and Jones (2012, p.93), values are defined as personal convictions about what one should strive for in life and how one should behave. Values are further divided into two categories; work values and ethical values. In terms of work values, there are intrinsic and extrinsic work values. In definition, intrinsic work values are values that are related to the nature of the work itself. Some examples of intrinsic work values that are prominent in Djokovic’s work are the ability to make important contributions to the public, the interesting work and the challenging work that can be done. Firstly, in terms of the ability to make important contributions to the public, Djokovic is well known for his philanthropic work. Due to this status as the highest ranked tennis player, he is very well-connected and is able to influence his fans over his beliefs. From this, he has helped to raise awareness for AIDS, human trafficking, poverty, human rights, women’s rights, children’s rights and many more (Look To The Stars, 2013b). Aside from that, his ability to make important contributions to the public and society is further supported by his status as the ambassador of UNICEF in Serbia. Aside from him advertising his beliefs on social media such as Facebook, Twitter and his video blog, UNICEF has also advertised their cause through Djokovic because of his popularity among the younger generation (UNICEF, 2011). Although generating a high pay from his career, he did not choose this career lifestyle because of it. He started playing tennis at the age of four and played professionally when he was 16 years old. This is due to his passion and interest in tennis. He has trained and played in every single tennis tournament to gain the experience he needed. Even though he has been injured quite a number of times in terms of ankle and knee injuries, that has never stopped him from pursuing his dream of being the best tennis player (Mitchell, 2013). However challenging his work may be, Djokovic never gave up. He continuously pursues his dream of being the best. After relentless practice and competitions, he finally replaced Roger Federer as the top ranked tennis player in the world. This attitude of his is admirable and serves as a constant reminder to his fans that nothing is impossible. On the other hand, extrinsic values are values that are related to the consequences of work. One of the more prominent extrinsic values is the high salary. Not only does he get paid for playing tennis, he gets paid through his endorsements deals with well-known companies such as UNIQLO, Fitline and Telekom Srbjia (Badenhausen, 2011). His salary also includes appearance fees, exhibitions and prize money. Besides that, his career as a tennis player provides him with many job benefits. One of the many is fame. Unlike most athletes, Djokovic enjoys being in the limelight and often shares news and funny anecdotes of his life with his fans. Next, his job provides very flexible working hours. He practices his tennis with his coaches at any time he wants. Due to his flexible working hours, he gets to spend more time with his family and to indulge in vacations as well as hobbies. According to George and Jones (2012, p.97), work attitude is defined as the collection of feelings, beliefs and thoughts about how to behave in one’s job and organisation. Although similar to values, work attitudes are more specific and are not as constant as values as work attitudes change over time. In 2008, although he was winning tournaments, Djokovic hired a new fitness coach in hopes that it will help boost his performance. After the change, he was able to defeat the two reigning champions in the tennis world, namely, Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal. His attitude changed once a new factor was introduced into his life (ESPN, 2010).